Friday, November 23, 2007

Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (IV)

Cel de-al doilea tip de altruism, al carui mecanism darwinian este foarte bine cunoscut, este altruismul reciproc ("Daca tu-mi freci spatele, ti-l frec si eu pe-al tau"). Aceasta teorie, propusa pentru prima data in biologia evolutionista de catre Robert Trivers, si adesea descrisa in limbajul matematic al teoriei jocului, nu se bazeaza pe gene detinute in comun de catre mai multi indivizi. Mai mult, functioneaza la fel de bine, poate chiar mai bine, intre membrii unor specii diferite, in acest caz numindu-se simbioza. Principiul aflat la baza este acelasi care sta la baza comertului si schimburilor la oameni. Vanatorul are nevoie de sageata, in timp ce fierarul are nevoie de carne. Diferenta da nastere la o intelegere. Albina are nevoie de nectar, iar floarea are nevoie sa fie polenizata. Florile nu pot zbura, asa ca le rasplatesc pe albine, avand ca moneda de schimb nectarul, pentru dreptul de a se folosi de aripile lor. Pasarile din familia Indicatoridae au capacitatea de a gasi stupii de albine, dar nu pot patrunde in ei. Viezurele melivor (Mellivora capensis) poate patrunde in stupi, dar nu poseda aripi pentru a-i cauta. Indicatoridele ii conduc pe viezuri (uneori si pe om) catre stupi printr-un zbor folosit special in acest scop. Ambele parti profita de pe urma tranzatiei. O comoara se afla sub o stanca mare si grea, insa cel care a descoperit-o este prea slab pentru a misca stanca din loc. Pentru a obtine comoara, el cheama in ajutor pe altii, chiar daca trebuie apoi sa imparta comoara cu acestia, deoarece fara ajutorul lor n-ar fi obtinut nimic din comoara. Lumea vie este bogata in astfel de exemple de ajutor reciproc: boul si Buphagus africanus, florile cu corola tubulara si pasarile colibri, vacile si microorganismele din tubul lor digestiv. Altruismul reciproc functioneaza datorita diferentelor care se completeaza reciproc. Din aceasta cauza functioneaza foarte bine mai ales intre specii diferite.

(fragment din The God Delusion, de Richard Dawkins)

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