<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198</id><updated>2012-02-10T22:17:53.633+02:00</updated><category term='meme'/><category term='transhumanism'/><category term='evolutionary psychology'/><category term='satirical'/><category term='funny'/><category term='Pierre Teilhard de Chardin'/><category term='minimum separabile'/><category term='sexual selection'/><category term='memetics'/><category term='Nick Bostrom'/><category term='filosofie evolutionista'/><category term='astrology'/><category term='Richard Dawkins'/><category term='group selection'/><category term='creationism'/><category term='sociocultural evolution'/><category term='altruism'/><category term='theory of evolution'/><category term='kin-selection'/><category term='intelligent design'/><category term='magical thinking'/><category term='evolutie culturala'/><category term='universal evolution'/><category term='superstition'/><category term='human evolution'/><category term='sexual reproduction'/><category term='Charles Darwin'/><category term='religion'/><category term='poezie'/><category term='citate'/><category term='Miscellaneous'/><category term='memetic evolution'/><category term='variability'/><category term='Edward O. Wilson'/><category term='google'/><title type='text'>In Lumina Evolutiei</title><subtitle type='html'>Nimic in viata nu are sens decat in lumina evolutiei</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>96</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8843212112682175404</id><published>2009-08-13T13:43:00.047+03:00</published><updated>2009-08-13T19:02:09.049+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Rezultatul chestionarului "CREDETI CA INTELEGEREA EVOLUTIEI VA POATE SCHIMBA VIATA DE ZI CU ZI?" (II)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Dupa cum am promis, revin cu analize si completari pe marginea rezultatului chestionarului "Credeti ca intelegerea evolutiei va poate schimba viata de zi cu zi?". Chestionarul poate fi completat in continuare in coloana din dreapta a blog-ului, graficele actualizandu-se automat, in functie de aceste raspunsuri.&lt;br /&gt;Inainte de toate, cateva precizari. Nu am pretentia ca rezultatul chestionarului este reprezentativ la nivel de tara, sau la nivel de zona geografica, etc. In primul rand, esantionul nu este aleatoriu. Este ca si cum ai intra intr-o carciuma, si i-ai intreba pe cei de fata daca le place alcoolul. Nu. Rezultatele sunt reprezentative doar pentru cititorii acestui blog (chiar si asa cu anumite rezerve datorita esantionului mic deocamdata).&lt;br /&gt;Acestea fiind spuse, sa trecem la treaba. Intai de toate, am defalcat tabelul care centralizeaza toate datele in doua tabele: unul corespunzator raspunsului "Da" la intrebarea principala ("Credeti ca intelegerea evolutiei va poate schimba viata de zi cu zi?"), respectiv unul corespunzator raspunsului "Nu" la aceeasi intrebare. Iata rezultatul.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;amp;oid=38&amp;amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;amp;oid=23&amp;amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dupa cum se poate observa in primul grafic, numarul celor care cred ca intelegerea evolutiei le poate schimba viata este mult mai mare la toate categoriile de varsta. Din graficul 2 reiese ca, pe masura ce creste varsta, creste usor si inclinatia de a da raspuns negativ la intrebare. Cu alte cuvinte cei tineri sunt mai convinsi ca intelegerea evolutiei le poate schimba viata decat cei cu varsta mai inaintata.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;oid=37&amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/gpub?url=http%3A%2F%2Fi333u1dvihprfqnlo1om7p0tagd98dfc.spreadsheets.gmodules.com%2Fgadgets%2Fifr%3Fup__table_query_url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fspreadsheets.google.com%252Ftq%253Frange%253DAE3%25253AAF7%2526headers%253D-1%2526key%253D0AmDMOFhmXlL4cGVyNlQwYzkwT1FNSGlLY1J2Vzh4S0E%2526gid%253D0%2526pub%253D1%26up__table_query_refresh_interval%3D0%26up__tq_orientation%3Dc%26up_ct%3DPie3D%26up_c%3DPondere%2520%2522Da%2522%2520vs.%2520%2522Ce%2520nivel%2520de%2520studii%2520aveti%253F%2522%26up_sc%3D%26up_bani%3D1%26up_bvon%3D1%26up_blon%3D1%26up_bton%3D1%26up_bsap%3D1%26up_bspt%3D0%26up_bsl%3D0%26up__pr%3D%26up__psd%3Dnull%26up_pfx%3D%26up_sfx%3D%26up_bfn%3D1%26up_bsv%3D0%26up_d%3D0%26up__ptc%3Dnull%26up_f%3DVerdana%26up_fs%3D9%26up_setsl%3D0%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Ffusioncharts.googlecode.com%252Fsvn%252Ftrunk%252FFusionChartsPie.xml&amp;height=295&amp;width=381"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;script src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/gpub?url=http%3A%2F%2Fi333u1dvihprfqnlo1om7p0tagd98dfc.spreadsheets.gmodules.com%2Fgadgets%2Fifr%3Fup__table_query_url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fspreadsheets.google.com%252Ftq%253Frange%253DAV3%25253AAW7%2526headers%253D-1%2526key%253D0AmDMOFhmXlL4cGVyNlQwYzkwT1FNSGlLY1J2Vzh4S0E%2526gid%253D0%2526pub%253D1%26up__table_query_refresh_interval%3D0%26up__tq_orientation%3Dc%26up_ct%3DPie3D%26up_c%3DPondere%2520%2522Nu%2522%2520vs.%2520%2522Ce%2520nivel%2520de%2520studii%2520aveti%253F%2522%26up_sc%3D%26up_bani%3D1%26up_bvon%3D1%26up_blon%3D1%26up_bton%3D1%26up_bsap%3D1%26up_bspt%3D0%26up_bsl%3D0%26up__pr%3D%26up__psd%3Dnull%26up_pfx%3D%26up_sfx%3D%26up_bfn%3D1%26up_bsv%3D0%26up_d%3D0%26up__ptc%3Dnull%26up_f%3DVerdana%26up_fs%3D9%26up_setsl%3D0%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Ffusioncharts.googlecode.com%252Fsvn%252Ftrunk%252FFusionChartsPie.xml&amp;height=294&amp;width=381"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dupa cum se poate observa, in cazul tuturor nivelurilor de studiu, cei care sunt de parere ca intelegerea evolutiei le poate schimba viata sunt mult mai numerosi. Cu toate acestea, daca privim ponderea fiecarui nivel de studiu raportat la tipul de raspuns, putem trage niste concluzii deosebit de interesante, si neasteptate. Astfel, asteptarile au fost confirmate in cazul nivelurilor de studiu inferioare (profesional, liceal, mediu), la fel si in cazul nivelului de studiu superior. Surpriza vine in ceea ce priveste studiile postuniversitare, unde ne-am astepta ca ponderea celor ce dau raspuns negativ sa fie mai mica, cand (surpriza!) in realitate ea este mai mare decat in cazul raspunsului afirmativ. Acest lucru poate fi pus si pe seama esantionului mic deocamdata.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;amp;oid=15&amp;amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;amp;oid=21&amp;amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Sexul masculin este mai predispus sa considere ca evolutia ii poate schimba viata de zi cu zi decat sexul feminin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;amp;oid=14&amp;amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;amp;oid=20&amp;amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Faptul ca familia practica sau nu credinta influenteaza nu cum ne-am astepta, ci in mod negativ opiniile respondentilor. Cei care au raspuns afirmativ provin in majoritate din familii (crestine) practicante, in timp ce cei care au raspuns negativ provin in si mai mare majoritate din familii nepracticante.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;amp;oid=39&amp;amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;amp;oid=13&amp;amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;amp;oid=19&amp;amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Ultimele 3 grafice le voi comenta in momentul in care voi avea mai multe date la dispozitie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Vezi si &lt;a href="http://gygess.blogspot.com/2009/08/rezultatul-chestionarului-credeti-ca.html"&gt;Rezultatul chestionarului "CREDETI CA INTELEGEREA EVOLUTIEI VA POATE SCHIMBA VIATA DE ZI CU ZI? (I)"&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8843212112682175404?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8843212112682175404/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8843212112682175404' title='56 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8843212112682175404'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8843212112682175404'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2009/08/rezultatul-chestionarului-credeti-ca_13.html' title='Rezultatul chestionarului &quot;CREDETI CA INTELEGEREA EVOLUTIEI VA POATE SCHIMBA VIATA DE ZI CU ZI?&quot; (II)'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>56</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6190443503613749287</id><published>2009-08-02T11:53:00.018+03:00</published><updated>2009-11-27T22:39:14.783+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>Rezultatul chestionarului "CREDETI CA INTELEGEREA EVOLUTIEI VA POATE SCHIMBA VIATA DE ZI CU ZI?" (I)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Cred ca a sosit timpul sa fac public rezultatul chestionarului pe care l-am elaborat cu ceva timp in urma, si pe care l-am pus la dispozitie pe acest blog (vezi coloana din dreapta).&lt;/span&gt; La data la care scriu, cei care si-au sacrificat din timp cateva minute pentru a completa chestionarul sunt destul de putini... 55 la numar. M-am asteptat la ceva mai multi. Rezultatul pe care urmeaza sa-l vedeti este unul dinamic, adica va suferi modificari in timp real, pe masura ce alti insi vor completa chestionarul. De aceea ma si feresc in prezent sa-l analizez in termeni foarte transanti, el putand suferi modificari ulterioare. Voi reveni cu analize si completari pe marginea rezultatului.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;oid=1&amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;oid=5&amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;oid=2&amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;oid=6&amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;oid=4&amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;oid=7&amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;oid=8&amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?key=per6T0c90OQMHiKcRvW8xKA&amp;oid=3&amp;output=image" /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6190443503613749287?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6190443503613749287/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6190443503613749287' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6190443503613749287'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6190443503613749287'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2009/08/rezultatul-chestionarului-credeti-ca.html' title='Rezultatul chestionarului &quot;CREDETI CA INTELEGEREA EVOLUTIEI VA POATE SCHIMBA VIATA DE ZI CU ZI?&quot; (I)'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-670276561239863195</id><published>2009-07-25T15:06:00.009+03:00</published><updated>2009-07-26T09:26:36.165+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetic evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='meme'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociocultural evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='universal evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='theory of evolution'/><title type='text'>Susan Blackmore despre gene, meme si teme (tehno-meme)</title><content type='html'>&lt;object height="326" width="446"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf"&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;param name="bgColor" value="#ffffff"&gt; &lt;param name="flashvars" value="vu=http://video.ted.com/talks/embed/SusanBlackmore_2008-embed_high.flv&amp;amp;su=http://images.ted.com/images/ted/tedindex/embed-posters/SusanBlackmore-2008.embed_thumbnail.jpg&amp;amp;vw=432&amp;amp;vh=240&amp;amp;ap=0&amp;amp;ti=269"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf" pluginspace="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" bgcolor="#ffffff" allowfullscreen="true" flashvars="vu=http://video.ted.com/talks/embed/SusanBlackmore_2008-embed_high.flv&amp;amp;su=http://images.ted.com/images/ted/tedindex/embed-posters/SusanBlackmore-2008.embed_thumbnail.jpg&amp;amp;vw=432&amp;amp;vh=240&amp;amp;ap=0&amp;amp;ti=269" height="326" width="446"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;a class="fvvadmitjwhdigmnbzqc" href="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="fvvadmitjwhdigmnbzqc" href="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="fvvadmitjwhdigmnbzqc" href="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="fvvadmitjwhdigmnbzqc" href="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="fvvadmitjwhdigmnbzqc" href="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="fvvadmitjwhdigmnbzqc" href="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class="fvvadmitjwhdigmnbzqc" href="http://video.ted.com/assets/player/swf/EmbedPlayer.swf"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(optati pentru subtitrarea in limba romana)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;object height="326" width="446"&gt;Este o expunere deosebit de interesanta, in special in ceea ce priveste &lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;temele (sau tehno-memele).&lt;/span&gt; Senzatia mea este ca autoarea a fost intampinata cu o oarecare reticenta de catre public. La inceput asa se intampla, in general, cu ideile radicale care se abat prea mult de la &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;zeitgeist&lt;/span&gt;. Sunt indivizi care nu pot accepta faptul ca o parte din comportamentul lor este dictat  de catre gene. Despre &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;meme&lt;/span&gt; sau... doamne fereste... &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;teme (tehno-meme)&lt;/span&gt; sa nici nu mai vorbim. Expunerea are meritul de a fi singura (din cate am eu cunostinta) expunere in public a teoriei sa-i spun... &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;temetice&lt;/span&gt;, sau &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;tehno-memetice &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;(nu are nici o legatura cu scenariul Matrix)&lt;/span&gt;, cu care personal sunt in totalitate de acord. Felicitari Susanei Blackmore pentru curajul de care da dovada, atragandu-si in acest fel persiflajul unui anumit segment de public. Singura mea completare la ceea ce s-a expus este ca in prezent aceste &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;tehno-meme&lt;/span&gt; sunt in stadiu extrem de primitiv, asemanator cu stadiul in care erau memele la data aparitiei primelor pluricelulare, sa spunem (comparatia este arbitrara)... ele existand mai mult ca atractori decat ca entitati materiale propriuzise.&lt;/object&gt; La fel de mult m-a impresionat si alternativa la &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;ecuatia lui Drake&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Reproduc mai jos transcrierea expunerii, preluata de pe &lt;a href="http://www.ted.com/"&gt;TED&lt;/a&gt;. Autorul traducerii este Diana Hasegan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;Evoluţia culturală e un copil periculos pe pământul oricărei specii. Pe când realizezi ce se întâmplă, copilul deja a crescut, deja face prăpăd, şi e prea târziu a-l pune înapoi. Noi oamenii suntem speciile Pandorei pe Pământ. Noi suntem cei care au eliberat replicatorul al 2-lea din cutia lui, şi nu-l putem pune înapoi. Vedem consecinţele peste tot în jurul nostru.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sugerez că aceasta este viziunea ce ia naştere dacă luăm memetica în serios. Şi ne dezvăluie un nou mod de a ne gândi nu doar la ceea ce are loc pe planeta noastră, dar şi despre ce ar putea să se întâmple şi în alte locuri din Univers. În primul rând aş dori să spun ceva despre memetică şi teoria memelor, şi în al doilea rând, cum ar putea acestea să ne arate cine este acolo, dacă într-adevăr este cineva.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Aşadar, memetica. Memetica se bazează pe principiul Darwinism-ului Universal. Darwin a avut această idee extraordinară. Într-adevăr, unii spun că este cea mai bună idee pe care a avut-o cineva. Nu e frumos că putem vorbi despre cea mai bună idee pe care a avut-o cineva? Credeţi că ar putea fi? Audienţa: Nu. (Râsete) Cineva spune un nu răspicat de acolo. Eu spun da, şi dacă ar exista, premiul este al lui Darwin.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De ce? Pentru că ideea a fost aşa de simplă, şi totuşi explică tot designul din Univers. Aş spune nu doar designul biologic, ci tot designul pe care îl atribuim omenirii. Este acelaşi lucru. Ce a spus Darwin? Ştiu că ştiţi idea, selecţia naturală, dar permiteţi-mi un citat din "Originea Speciilor", 1859, în câteva propoziţii.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Darwin a spus ceva de genul -- dacă avem indivizi ce variază, şi asta nu putem nega -- Am fost în Galapagos, şi am măsurat mărimea ciocurilor şi mărimea carapacelor ţestoaselor, etc. Şi 100 de pagini mai încolo -- (Râsete) Dacă există o bătălie a vieţii, asfel încât aproape toate aceste creaturi mor -- şi asta nu poate fi pusă la îndoială, l-am citit pe Malthus şi am calculat cât le-ar lua elefanţilor să acopere întreaga planetă dacă s-ar înmulţi fără restricţii. Peste încă 100 de pagini. Şi dacă cei foarte puţini care supravieţuiesc, dau mai departe urmaşilor lor ceea ce i-a ajutat să supravieţuiască, atunci acei urmaşi trebuie să fie mai bine adaptaţi circumstanţelor decât părinţii lor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vedeţi ideea? Dacă, dacă, dacă, atunci. El nu avea conceptul de algoritm. Dar asta e ceea ce a descris în carte, şi asta e ceea ce numim acum algoritm evoluţionar. În principiu, este nevoie de doar trei lucruri -- diversitate, selecţie şi ereditate. Vorba lui Dan Dennett, dacă avem cele trei atunci avem evoluţie. Sau design din haos, fără ajutorul minţii.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Îmi place un cuvânt de acolo. Care credeţi că este cuvântul meu favorit? Audienţa: Haos. Haos? Nu. Ce? Minte? Nu. Audienţa: Fără. Nu, nu fără. (Râsete) Încercaţi-le toate pe rând: Mmm...? Audienţa: Trebuie. Trebuie. Trebuie, trebuie. De aceea este aşa de extraordinar. Nu este nevoie de un designer, sau de un plan, sau previziune, sau orice altceva. Dacă există ceva ce este copiat cu variaţie şi este selectat, atunci trebuie ca designul să apară de nicăieri. Nu-l poţi opri Trebuie e cuvântul meu favorit de acolo.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acum, ce are asta a face cu memele? Principiul de aici se aplică oricărui lucru care este copiat cu variaţie şi selecţie. Suntem aşa de obişnuiţi să gândim în termeni biologici, încât ne gândim în acest mod la gene. Darwin nu ştia de gene. El a vorbit mai mult despre animale şi plante, dar şi despre limbi ce evoluează şi ajung la extincţie. Dar principiul Darwinismului Universal este acela că orice informaţie ce variază şi este selectată va produce design.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Despre asta vorbea Richard Dawkins în cartea sa din 1976, "Gena egoistă". Informaţia ce este copiată a numit-o replicator. Se copiază egoist. Nu însemnând că stă într-o celulă şi zice, "Vreau să fiu copiată". Dar că va fi copiată dacă va putea, neţinând cont de consecinţe. Nu-i pasă de consecinţe pentru că nu poate, pentru că este doar informaţie ce este copiată. A vrut să se îndepărteze de gândirea generală despre gene, şi a spus, "Există un alt fel de replicator pe planetă?" Ah, da, există.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Uitaţi-vă în jurul vostru, aici de exemplu, în această încăpere. În jurul nostru, plutind, există un alt replicator. Informaţia ce o copiem de la o persoană la altă prin imitaţie, prin limbaj, vorbind, povestind întâmplări, purtând haine, făcând lucruri. Acesta este informaţie copiată cu variaţie şi selecţie. Acesta este un proces de design în plină desfășurare. A vrut un nume pentru noul replicator. A luat cuvântul grecesc "mimeme", ce înseamna "ceea ce este imitat". Ţineţi minte asta, este definiţia centrală. Ceea ce este imitat. Şi l-a prescurtat la "meme", doar pentru că sună bine şi a făcut un meme bun, un meme ce se înmulţeşte eficient. Asfel a apărut această idee. Este important să ţinem minte definiţia.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Întreaga ştiinţă a memeticii este foarte vătămată, neînţeleasă, inspiră teamă. Dar multe din aceste probleme pot fi evitate ţinând minte definiţia. Un meme nu este echivalent cu o idee. Nu este o idee, nu este echivalent cu nimic altceva defapt. Ţineţi minte definiţia. Este ceea ce este imitat. Sau informaţia ce este copiată de la o persoană la alta. Haideţi să vedem câteva meme.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dumneavostră domnule, aveţi acei ochelari în jurul gâtului în acel mod interesant. Mă întreb dacă aţi venit cu această idee chiar dumneavoastră, sau aţi copiat-o de la altcineva? Dacă aţi copiat-o, este un meme. Dar despre...ooh, nu văd niciun meme interesant pe aici. Bine, cine are un meme interesant pentru mine? Da, cerceii dumneavoastră, Presupun că nu aţi venit dumneavoastră cu ideea de cercei. Probabil i-aţi cumpărat. Sunt o mulţime în magazine. E ceva ce se transmite de la o persoană la alta. Toate poveştile pe care le spunem, desigur, TED este o sărbătoare a memelor, mase de meme.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Modul în care trebuie să ne gândim la meme totuşi, este să ne gândim cum se răspândesc? Sunt informaţie egoistă, se vor copia dacă vor putea. Dar unele dintre ele se vor copia pentru că sunt bune, sau adevărate, sau folositoare, sau frumoase. Unele vor fi copiate chiar dacă nu sunt. Unele, e chiar greu de spus de ce.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O memă mi se pare chiar interesantă. Şi o spun cu bucurie, precum mă aşteptam, am găsit-o când am venit aici, şi sunt sigură că şi voi aţi găsit-o. Mergi la un hotel elegant undeva, intri, pui hainele jos şi mergi la baie, şi ce vezi? Audienţa: Săpun de baie. Pardon? Audienţa: Săpun. Săpun, da. Ce altceva? Audienţa: (Indescifrabil) Mmm mmm. Audienţa: Chiuvetă, toaletă! Chiuvetă, toaletă, da, toate sunt meme, toate, dar sunt folositoare, şi apoi mai este unul. (Râsete) Ce face acesta? (Râsete) S-a răspândit în toată lumea. Nu e surprinzător că l-aţi găsit cu toţii când aţi intrat în aceste băi. Dar am făcut această fotografie într-o toaletă din spatele unui cort într-o tabără ecologică din jungla Assam. (Râsete) Cine a împăturit chestia aceea acolo, şi de ce? (Râsete) Unii se lasă duşi de val. (Râsete) Alţii sunt leneşi şi fac greşeli. Unele hoteluri exploatează oportunitatea şi pun şi mai multe meme cu un mic sticker. (Râsete) Despre ce este vorba aici? Presupun că este acolo pentru a-ţi spune că cineva a curăţat locul, şi este frumos. Defapt tot ce-ţi spune este că o altă persoană este posibil să fi împrăştiat microbi dintr-un loc în altul. (Râsete)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gândiţi-vă asfel. Imaginaţi-vă o lume plină de creiere şi mult mai multe meme decât locuri disponibile. Memele încearcă toate să fie copiate, încearca, adică, este prescurtarea de la, "dacă pot fi copiate, vor fi". Ne folosesc pe noi ca maşinării ce propagă copierea, şi noi suntem maşinării memetice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De ce este asta important? De ce este folositor, sau ce ne spune? Ne deschide o nouă viziune asupra originii umane şi asupra a ceea ce înseamnă să fi om. Toate teoriile convenţionale despre evoluţia culturală, despre originea oamenilor, şi ceea ce ne deosebeşte de alte specii. Toate celelalte teorii ce explică creierul mare, şi limbajul şi utilizarea uneltelor şi toate aceste lucruri ce ne fac unici, se bazează pe gene. Limbajul trebuie să fi fost folositor pentru gene. Utilizarea uneltelor ne-a ajutat la supravieţuire, împerechere, şamd. Totul, se plângea şi Richard Dawkins cu ceva timp în urmă, totul se rezumă la gene.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Memetica spune însă, "Nu, nu e aşa" Există doi replicatori pe această planetă. Din momentul în care strămoşii noştrii, probabil cu 2 milioane şi jumătate de ani în urmă, au început să imite, a existat un nou proces de copiere. Copiere cu variaţie şi selecţie. Un nou replicator a fost creat, şi nu a fost posibil -- chiar de la început, nu a fost posibil ca oamenii ce l-au creat să copieze doar lucruri frumoase şi folositoare, dar nu şi celelate lucruri. În timp ce creierele lor aveau un avantaj fiind capabile de a copia -- aprinzând focul, întreţinându-l, noi tehnici de vânătoare, asfel de lucruri -- inevitabil au copiat şi lucruri ca: pene în păr, haine ciudate sau pictatul feţelor, sau altceva.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Apare asfel un război între gene ce tind să menţină creierul la o dimensiune mică, economică, care să nu piardă vremea copiind toate aceste lucruri, şi între meme, ca sunetele pe care oamenii le-au produs şi copiat -- în alte cuvinte, ceea ce a devenit limbajul -- competiţia încercând să facă creierul tot mai mare. Mărimea creierul după această teorie, se datorează memelor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;De aceea, în "Maşina memetică", o numesc impuls memetic. În timpul evoluţiei lor inevitabile, determină creşterea creierului, mai bun pentru copierea memelor ce determină această creştere. De aceea avem aceste creiere specifice, pentru că ne place religia, muzica şi arta. Limba, este un parazit la care ne-am adaptat, nu ceva ce a existat iniţial pentru genele noastre, în această viziune. Ca şi orice parazit, poate fi periculos la început, dar apoi coevoluează şi se adaptează rezultând o relaţie de simbioză cu acest parazit nou.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Din perspectiva noastră, nu realizăm că asfel a început. Acesta este punctul nostru de vedere despre ce sunt oamenii. Toate celelalte specii de pe acest pământ sunt doar maşini genetice, nu imită deloc bine. Noi singurii suntem şi maşini genetice şi memetice. Memele au luat o maşină genetică şi au transformat-o într-o maşină memetică.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dar asta nu e tot. Avem un nou tip de meme acum. M-am gândit mult, pentru că memele m-au preocupat de multă vreme, există o diferenţa între memele ce le copiem -- cuvintele ce ni le spunem unul altuia, gesturile ce le copiem, lucruri umane -- şi toate aceste tehnologii din jurul nostru? Până acum le-am spus tot timpul meme tuturor, dar acum cred sincer că avem nevoie de un nou cuvânt pentru memele tehnologice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Să le spunem tehnomeme, sau teme. Pentru că procesele sunt diferite. Am început, probabil acum 5000 de ani, cu scrisul. Am depozitat memele pe table de lut, dar pentru a obţine teme adevărate şi maşini temetice, trebuie să existe variaţie, selecţie şi copiere, toate realizate fără oameni. Şi ne apropiem de asta. Ne aflăm la acest punct extraordinar în care suntem aproape de existenţa unor asfel de maşini. Şi, de când am venit la TED, văd că suntem şi mai aproape decât credeam înainte.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Defapt, temele ne forţează creierele să devină tot mai mult nişte maşini temetice. Copiii noştrii învaţă foarte repede să citească, să folosească maşini. Vom avea tot felul de implanturi, droguri ce ne forţează să stam treji tot timpul. Credem că alegem aceste lucruri, dar temele le fac în locul nostru. Acum suntem pe punctul de a a avea un al treilea replicator pe planeta noastră. Dar, ce se întamplă în Univers? Este cineva acolo? Oamenii s-au întrebat asta de multă vreme. Ne-am întrebat şi aici, la TED. În 1961, Frank Drake a realizat ecuaţia sa celebră, dar cred că s-a concentrat pe lucruri greşite. Ecuaţia aceea a fost foarte productivă. A vrut să estimeze N, numărul civilizaţiilor capabile de comunicaţie din galaxie. Şi a inclus acolo rata de formare a stelelor, rata planetelor, dar decisiv, inteligenţa.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Este greşit să gândim asfel după părerea mea. Inteligenţa apare peste tot, sub tot felul de forme. Inteligenţa umană este doar una din ele. Dar ceea ce este foarte important, sunt replicatorii existenţi şi nivelul lor, fiecare crescând pe nivelul de dedesubt. Aş sugera aşadar să nu ne gândim la inteligenţă, ci la replicatori.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pe baza aceasta, am sugerat un nou tip de ecuaţie. Una foarte simplă. N, acelaşi lucru, numărul civilizaţiilor capabile de comunicaţie din galaxia noastră. Să începem doar cu numărul de planete din galaxia noastră. Procentajul celor ce au replicator de ordinul 1 Procentajul celor ce au replicator de ordinul 2. Procentajul celor ce au replicator de ordinul 3. Pentru că doar pe cel de ordinul 3 îl putem recepţiona -- el va trimite informaţie, sonde, el va ieşi, şi va comunica cu alte zone.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dacă luam această ecuaţie, de ce nu am auzit nimic de la nimeni până acum? Pentru că fiecare pas este periculos. Un nou replicator este periculos. Poţi să-i supravieţieşti, noi am făcut-o, dar este periculos. Să luam primul pas, de îndată ce viaţa a apărut pe această planetă. Din punct de vedere Gaian. Mi-a plăcut prezentarea lui Peter Ward de ieri -- nu e Gaian tot timpul. De fapt, vietăţile produc lucruri ce la curmă viaţa. Am reuşit să supravieţuim pe această planetă.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dar apoi, după mult timp, miliarde de ani mai târziu, a apărut al doilea replicator, memele. A fost periculos, desigur. Gândiţi-vă la creierul mare. Câte mame avem aici? Ştiţi totul despre creiere mari. E periculos să le dai naştere. E agonizant să le dai viaţă. (Râsete) Pisica mea a dat naştere la 4 pisicuţe, torcând tot timpul. Puţin diferit. (Râsete)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dar nu este doar dureros, ci omoară mulţi copii, omoară multe mame, şi este costisitor a produce. Genele sunt forţate să producă toată această mielină, toată grăsimea pentru mielinizarea creierului. Ştiţi că, stând aici, creierul vostru consumă aproximativ 20% din energia totală a corpului vostru pentru 2% din masa totală a lui. Este un organ costisitor. De ce? Pentru că produce memele.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Putea să ne omoare şi poate că aproape a făcut-o, nu ştim. Probabil că aproape a făcut-o. A fost încercat înainte? Dacă ne gândim la celelalte specii? Louise Leakey a vorbit ieri despre cum noi suntem singurii rămaşi în această categorie. Ce s-a întmâmplat cu ceilalţi? Se poate ca acest experiment în imitaţie, acest experiment cu replicatorul al doilea, este atât de periculos încât să distrugă?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dar, am rezistat, şi ne-am adaptat. Dar acum, după cum am descris, ne apropiem de al treilea replicator. Şi acesta este şi mai periculos -- este periculos din nou. De ce? Pentru că temele sunt replicatori egoişti şi nu le pasă de noi, sau de planeta noastră, sau de orice altceva. Sunt doar informaţie -- de ce le-ar păsa? Ne folosesc pentru a extrage resursele planetei noastre pentru a produce mai multe calculatoare, şi multe alte lucruri despre care am auzit aici, la TED. Nu vă gândiţi, "Oh, am creat Internetul pentru nevoile noastre". Aşa ne pare nouă. Gândiţi-vă că temele se răspândesc pentru că trebuie. Noi suntem vechile maşini.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vom reuşi să supravieţuim? Ce se va întâmpla? Ce înseamnă a supravieţui? Există două feluri de supravieţuire. Unul care este evident peste tot în jurul nostru, este că temele ne transformă în maşini temetice, cu aceste implanturi, cu medicamente, cu îmbinarea noastră cu tehnologia. Şi de ce ar face asta? Pentru că ne înmulţim. Avem copii. Facem copii noi, şi le este convenabil să ne folosească, pentru că nu am ajuns la punctul în care există şi o altă opţiune. Deşi este aproape, am auzit azi dimineaţă, este mai aproape decât credeam. Când maşinile temetice se vor reproduce singure. În acest fel, nu contează dacă clima planetei va fi destabilizată, şi viaţa oamenilor nu va mai fi posibilă aici. Pentru că acele maşini temetice, nu vor avea nevoie -- nu sunt creaturi ce folosesc oxigen si nu au nevoie de căldură. Ele pot să trăiască şi fără noi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acestea sunt cele două posibilităţi. A doua, nu cred că suntem aşa de aproape. Va veni, dar nu suntem încă acolo. Prima, vine şi ea. Dar pagubele care deja ne-au afectat planeta, ne arată cât de periculos este al treilea stadiu, acel stadiu periculos, al treilea replicator. Şi vom trece de acest stadiu, precum am trecut şi de primele două? Poate că da, poate că nu. Nu am idee. (Aplauze) Chris Anderson: Frumoasă prezentare. SB: Mulţumesc. Chiar şi eu m-am speriat.&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-670276561239863195?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/670276561239863195/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=670276561239863195' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/670276561239863195'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/670276561239863195'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2009/07/susan-blackmore-despre-gene-meme-si_25.html' title='Susan Blackmore despre gene, meme si teme (tehno-meme)'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6910854580412181287</id><published>2009-07-22T22:21:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2009-07-22T22:23:43.189+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Richard Dawkins demonstrand evolutia unei noi specii</title><content type='html'>&lt;object width="853" height="505"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/EUozZo8nOpY&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;hd=1"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/EUozZo8nOpY&amp;hl=en&amp;fs=1&amp;hd=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="853" height="505"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6910854580412181287?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6910854580412181287/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6910854580412181287' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6910854580412181287'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6910854580412181287'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2009/07/richard-dawkins-demonstrand-evolutia.html' title='Richard Dawkins demonstrand evolutia unei noi specii'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8669323646459507576</id><published>2009-02-17T22:03:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-02-17T22:20:30.638+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citate'/><title type='text'>Citatul zilei</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;“We become what we behold. We shape our tools and then our tools shape us.”&lt;/em&gt; (Marshall McLuhan)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Iata cateva dintre “uneltele” care ne-au modelat de-a lungul timpului si continua sa ne modeleze: &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="left"&gt;&amp;quot;Timeline of historic inventions.&amp;quot; &lt;i&gt;Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia&lt;/i&gt;. 16 Feb 2009, 03:28 UTC. 17 Feb 2009 &amp;lt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_historic_inventions&amp;amp;oldid=271035969"&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_historic_inventions&amp;amp;oldid=271035969&lt;/a&gt;&amp;gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Intrebarea este in ce masura le posedam noi pe ele sau ne poseda ele pe noi.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8669323646459507576?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8669323646459507576/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8669323646459507576' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8669323646459507576'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8669323646459507576'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2009/02/citatul-zilei.html' title='Citatul zilei'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-3954516974126470995</id><published>2009-02-16T15:27:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2009-02-16T15:29:00.299+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='poezie'/><title type='text'>Naștere, de Nichita Stănescu</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;Greu atârnam și-ncetinit    &lt;br /&gt;de-un cordon imaginar     &lt;br /&gt;de care atârnau lunar     &lt;br /&gt;și descrescând către zenit&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;bunica, străbunica și    &lt;br /&gt;femeile străvechi, în șir     &lt;br /&gt;din care trupul mi-l deșir     &lt;br /&gt;de mai nainte de a fi&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;De-un cordon crescând mereu,    &lt;br /&gt;în fața unui zid întins     &lt;br /&gt;de soare-aprins, de lună stins     &lt;br /&gt;vai, atârnam și-ncet și greu.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-3954516974126470995?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/3954516974126470995/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=3954516974126470995' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3954516974126470995'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3954516974126470995'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2009/02/nastere-de-nichita-stanescu.html' title='Naștere, de Nichita Stănescu'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8567286026680831276</id><published>2009-02-12T18:46:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2009-02-12T19:10:28.222+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Charles Darwin'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='google'/><title type='text'>Omagiu lui Charles Darwin</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/SZRXBP4CAyI/AAAAAAAAAZo/wLSsv0Xtbag/s1600-h/google_romania_charles_darwin.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px; height: 240px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/SZRXBP4CAyI/AAAAAAAAAZo/wLSsv0Xtbag/s320/google_romania_charles_darwin.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5301958340274946850" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: justify;"&gt;Astazi, 12 februarie 2009, cu ocazia implinirii a 200 de ani de la nasterea lui Charles Darwin, Google Romania aduce, pe pagina de start, un omagiu marelui om. Facand click pe imaginea aflata deasupra casutei de cautare, Google efectueaza o cautare dupa sintagma “Charles Darwin”. Bravo Google Romania!&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8567286026680831276?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8567286026680831276/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8567286026680831276' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8567286026680831276'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8567286026680831276'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2009/02/omagiu-google-romania.html' title='Omagiu lui Charles Darwin'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/SZRXBP4CAyI/AAAAAAAAAZo/wLSsv0Xtbag/s72-c/google_romania_charles_darwin.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6114157091471195255</id><published>2008-07-05T19:46:00.005+03:00</published><updated>2008-07-06T12:39:15.058+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='meme'/><title type='text'>Dictionar de memetica</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Autor: Glenn Grant 1990&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;Tradus în limba română, modificat și completat de &lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;A Logic Verso&lt;/strong&gt;, aka &lt;strong&gt;gyges77&lt;/strong&gt;, 2008&lt;/em&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Alergie memetică, memalergie; alergii memetice, memalergii&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;O formă de intoleranță, o afecțiune care determină o persoană să reacționeze într-o manieră extremă neobișnuită în momemtul expunerii la stimuli semiotici specifici, sau &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memalergeni&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Complexele memetice exotoxice de obicei conferă &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memalergii&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; puternice gazdelor lor. Adesea, nu este nevoie ca memalergenii să fie prezenți, ci doar percepuți ca fiind prezenți, pentru a declanșa o reacție. Memalergenii comuni sunt homofobia, anticomunismul paranoic, pornofobia. Forme comune de memalergii sunt cenzura, vandalismul, abuzul verbal, violența fizică.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Amenințare, amenințări&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Componentă a unui &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;complex memetic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; care încurajează aderarea și descurajează &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;replicarea defectuoasă&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. ("Arderea în focul iadului" este o &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;co-memă&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; de &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;amenințare&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; în multe scheme religioase.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Autotoxic, autotoxici(e)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Periculoase pentru sine. Memele puternic autotoxice sunt de regulă auto-limitative deoarece promovează distrugerea gazdei lor (mema Jim Jones, orice complex memetic - memplexuri - de indoctrinare religioasă; orice memă de martiraj (vezi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;exotoxic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cenzură, cenzuri&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Orice tentativa de a împiedica răspândirea unei meme prin eliminarea &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;vectorilor&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; acesteia. Prin urmare, cenzura este asemănătoare cu încercările de a opri răspândirea bolilor cu ajutorul insecticidelor. Cenzura nu poate niciodată ucide complet o memă ofensivă, în schimb poate chiar sa ajute la promovarea tulpinilor virulente ale memei respective, eliminând formele mai putin virulente.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cârlig (comanda), cârlige (comenzi)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Componentă a unui &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;complex memetic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; care îndeamnă la replicarea complexului. Cârligul este cel mai eficient atunci când nu conține o cerință explicită, ci este o consecință logică a conținutului memei.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Co-memă, co-meme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;O memă care a coevoluat în mod simbiotic cu (o) altă(e) mem(ă)e, formând un complex memetic reciproc avantajos. Cunoscută și sub denumirea de &lt;strong&gt;simemă.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Complex memetic, complexuri memetice&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un set de meme reciproc avantajoase care au coevoluat, dând naștere unei relații simbiotice. Dogmele religioase și politice, mișcările sociale, stilurile artistice, tradițiile si obiceiurile, scrisorile electronice în lanț, paradigmele, limbile, etc sunt complexuri memetice. O altă denumire este &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;m-plex&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; sau &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;schemă&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Hofstadter). Tipurile de &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;co-meme&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; întâlnite de obicei în &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;scheme&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; sunt: &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;momeala, cârlig, amenințare&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;     &lt;/strong&gt;și &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;vaccim.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; De obicei o schemă reușită are anumite atribute: scop larg (o paradigmă care explică multe); șansa purtătorilor de a participa și de a contribui; certitudinea adevărului evident (purtător de autoritate); oferă o senzație de siguranță și de ordine, alungând senzația de lipsă a sensului.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Cult, culte&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Sociotip al unui complex memetic autotoxic, format din &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;roboți memetici&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; și/sau &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memoizi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Caracteristicile &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;cultului&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; sunt: izolarea grupului infectat (sau cel puțin al noilor recruți), spălarea creierului prin expunere repetată (prin inducerea de stări mentale de dependență), descurajarea funcției de reproducere (prin celibat, sterilizare) în favoarea replicării (prozelitism), cultul personalității.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Drift memetic, drifturi memetice&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acumularea de replicări greșite; (rata) evolutie(i) sau mutatii(lor) memetice. Textul scris tinde să încetinească driftul memetic al dogmelor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Exotoxic, exotoxici(e)&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Periculos pentru ceilalți. Memele puternic exotoxice determină distrugerea indivizilor alții decât gazdele lor, în special a celor purtătoare de meme rivale. (de exemplu Nazismul, Inchiziția, Pol Pot.) (Vezi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;alergie memetică, memalergie&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Gazdă, gazde&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; O persoană care a fost infectată cu succes de către o memă. Vezi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;infecție&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;robot memetic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memoid&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Ideosferă, ideosfere&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Domeniul evoluției memetice, la fel cum biosfera este domeniul evoluției biologice. Intreaga ecologie memetică (Hofstadter). Sănătatea unei ideosfere poate fi măsurată prin diversitatea sa memetică.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Imunomemă, imunomeme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Vezi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;vaccim&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Imunosupresor, imunosupresori&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Orice tinde să reducă imunitatea memetică. Imunosupresori comuni sunt: călătoriile, dezorientarea, epuizarea fizică și emotională, insecuritatea, șocul emoțional, pierderea căminului sau a celor dragi, șocul viitorului, stress în urma izolării, situații sociale nefamiliare, anumite droguri, singurătatea, alienarea, paranoia, expunerea repetată, respect față de autoritate, escapism, hipnoza (suspendarea judecății critice). Cei care recrutează persoane pentru diferite culte țintesc adesea aeroporturi și terminale de autobuse deoarece călătorii sunt mai predispuși la astfel de imunosupresori. (vezi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;cult&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Infecție, infecții&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Codificarea cu succes a unei meme în memoria unui individ. Infecția memetică poate fi &lt;em&gt;activă&lt;/em&gt; sau &lt;em&gt;inactivă&lt;/em&gt;. Este inactivă atunci cand gazda nu simte nevoia să transmită mema și altor indivizi. O infecție activă determină gazda să urmărească infectarea celorlalți. Gazdele foarte active sunt adesea &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;roboți memetici&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; sau &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memoizi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. O persoană care după ce a fost expusă unei meme dar care nu-și aduce aminte ulterior (conștient sau nu) nu înseamnă că (n.r.) nu este infectată. (O gazdă poate fi infectată în mod inconștient și chiar să transmită o memă fără sa fie conșitent de acest lucru. Multe norme sociale sunt transmise in felul acesta)&lt;br /&gt;Unii &lt;em&gt;memeticieni&lt;/em&gt; au folosit termenul &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;infecție&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; ca sinonim pentru &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;convingere&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. (adică doar cei convinși sunt infectați, restul nu.) Totuși, această uzanță ignoră faptul că adesea indivizii transmit meme în care nu cred. Melodiile, glumele, fanteziile sunt meme care nu se bazează pe convingere ca strategie de infecție.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Inginer memetician&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cel care manipulează în mod conștient meme, prin scindare și sinteză memetică, cu intenția de a manipula comportamentul altora. Autorii de manifeste și de spoturi publicitare sunt ingineri memeticieni.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Latentă, latență; latente, latențe&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;În prezent fără gazdă umană. Vechiul sistem de hieroglife egiptean sau Evangheliile Gnostice sunt exemple de memplexuri "moarte" care zac în stare latentă timp de milenii sub formă de texte ascunse sau netraductibile, așteptând să se reactiveze infectând arheologii moderni. Anumite meme demodate nu devin niciodată complet latente, ca de exemplu teoria flogistonului, care a suferit o mutație devenind din "credință", o simplă notă de subsol cu importanță doar istorică.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mema mileniului&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cele câteva meme epidemice care preziceau evenimente catastrofale pentru anul 2000 (Batalia Armeghedonului, domnia de 1000 de ani a lui Isus, etc. (&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Escatomemă&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Memă, meme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Un tipar contagios de informație care se replică infectând mințile umane și schimbându-le comportamentul, în felul acesta determinându-i să răspândească tiparul. (Termen inventat de către Richard Dawkins, analog genei). Sloganurile, ghicitorile, melodiile, semnele, invențiile și moda sunt meme tipice. O idee sau tipar informațional nu este o memă decât în momentul în care determină pe cineva să o răspândească, să o transmită altcuiva. Toate cunoștințele transmise sunt memetice. (Wheelis, citat in Hofstadter) (vezi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;complex memetic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Memetic&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Legat de meme.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Memetica&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Studiul memelor si a efectelor lor sociale.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Memetician, memeticieni&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Cel care studiază memetica&lt;br /&gt;Un inginer memetician&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Memofond, memofonduri&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Întreaga diversitate de meme accesibile unei culturi sau unui individ. Învățarea limbilor străine sau călătoriile sunt modalități pentru ca un individ să-și lărgească memofondul accesibil&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Memoid, memoizi&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Persoană a cărei comportament este puternic influențat de către o memă, astfel încât propria supraviețuire devine lipsită de importanță (Henson) (de ex.: Kamikaze, teroriști Șiiți, adepții Jim Jones, orice personal militar). &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Gazdele&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; și &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Roboții memetici&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; nu sunt în mod necesar &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memoizi&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. (vezi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;autotoxic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; , &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;exotoxic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Memotip, memotipuri&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Conținutul propriu-zis de informație al unei meme, distinct de &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;sociotipul&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; său.&lt;br /&gt;O clasă de meme similare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Metamemă, metameme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Orice memă despre meme (ex.: toleranță, metaforă)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Metamema&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Conceptul de memă, considerat el insusi o memă.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mimetism, mimetisme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Strategie de infecție prin care o memă încearcă să imite semiotica unei alte meme (de succes). Ex.: pseudoștiință (creaționism, UFO-logie); pseudo-nonconformism (Heavy Metal); subminare prin falsificare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Momeală, momeli&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Parte din memă care promite să răsplătească gazda (de obicei în schimbul replicării complexului memetic). Momeala de obicei justifică, dar nu obligă în mod explicit replicarea complexului memetic. Cunoscută și sub denumirea de &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;recompensă&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. (În multe religii "mîntuirea" este momeala sau recompensa promisă; "raspândește cuvântul" este &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;cârligul&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (comanda). Alte meme uzuale sunt "fericire eternă", "securitate", "prosperitate", "libertate") (vezi&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;cârlig&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;amenințare&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;; &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;strategie de infecție&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Mulțime de convingeri&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Deoarece o persoană poate fi infectată și poate transmite doar un număr finit de meme, există o limită a mulțimii de convingeri (Henson). Memele evoluează în competiție pentru nișele din &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;mulțimea de convingeri&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; a indivizilor și societăților.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Opresor vs. Victimă&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Strategie de infecție comună multor complexe memetice care pune potențiala gazdă în postura de Victimă, profitând de insecuritatea acestora (ex.: "burghezia este opresorul proletariatului" (Hofstadter). Este adesea periculos de toxică pentru gazdă și socitate în general. Cunoscută și sub denumirea de &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;strategia "noi-contra-lor"&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Otovierme, otoviermi&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"O melodie care infectează o populație cu repeziciune." (Rheingold); un hit (ca de ex. "Don't worry, Be Happy") (din germană, &lt;em&gt;ohrwurm&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Retromemă, retromeme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; O memă care încearcă să se combine cu un &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memplex&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; existent (ex.: Marxism-Leninismul încearcă că coopteze alte sociotipuri)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Robot memetic&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Persoană a cărei întreagă viață este subordonată propagării unei meme în mod automat și profitând de orice oportunitate (Martorii lui Iehova, Krishna, Scientologii). Datorită competiției interne, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;roboții memetici&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; cei mai zgomotoși și mai extremi tind să ajungă în vârful ierarhiei din interiorul sociotipului lor. Un robot memetic autodestructiv este un &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memoid&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Schemă, scheme&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Un &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;complex memetic&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memplex&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (Hofstadter).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Strategie de infecție&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Orice strategie memetică care încurajează infectarea unei gazde. Glumele facilitează infecția fiind comice, melodiile prin evocarea diferitelor emoții, sloganurile fiind concise și repetate în mod continuu. Strategii comune de infecție sunt "răufăcător vs. victimă", "teama de moarte", "simțul comunității". Într-un &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;complex memetic (memplex)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, co-mema &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;momeală&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; este adesea vitală strategiei de infecție. (vezi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;strategie de replicare, mimetism&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sociotip, sociotipuri&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Expresia sociala a unui &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memotip&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;, la fel cum corpul unui organism este expresia fizică (fenotipul) a genelor (genotipul)&lt;br /&gt;O clasă de organizații sociale similare.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Strategie de replicare&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Orice strategie memetică utilizată de către o memă pentru a-și încuraja gazda să reitereze mema altor persoane. Co-mema &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;cârlig&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; al unui complex memetic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Toleranță&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt; O metamemă care conferă rezistență față de o largă varietate de meme (și sociotipul acestora), fără a conferi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;alergii memetice&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. În forma sa pură, &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;toleranța&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; îi permite gazdei sale să fie expusă în mod repetat memelor rivale, chiar și celor intolerante, fără a fi infectată activ sau a manifesta reacții &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memalergice&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Toleranța este o &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;co-memă&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; centrală în o mare varietate de scheme, în special în "liberalism" și "democrație". Fără ea, o schemă adesea devine &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;exotoxică&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; și conferă &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;memalergie&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; gazdelor sale. Deoarece schemele concură pentru un &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;domeniu de convingeri&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; limitat, toleranța nu este obligatoriu o virtute, dar a evoluat în &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;ideosferă&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; asemanător cooperării în sistemele biologice.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vaccim, vaccimuri&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Orice metamemă care conferă rezistență sau imunitate față de una sau mai multe meme, permițându-i persoanei să fie expusă fără să dobândească o infecție activă. Este cunoscută și sub denumirea de &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;imunomemă&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Asemenea meme des întâlnite, care conferă imunitate sunt: "credință", "loialitate", "scepticism", "toleranță" (vezi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;alergie memetică&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;Toate schemele includ un &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;vaccim&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; cu scopul de a se proteja de memele rivale. De exemplu:&lt;br /&gt;Conservatism: rezistă automat tuturor memelor noi&lt;br /&gt;Ortodoxie: respinge automat toate memele noi&lt;br /&gt;Stiință: testează noile meme din punct de vedere teoretic și (acolo unde se poate aplica) al repetabilității empirice; reverifică constant memele vechi; acceptă noi scheme doar condițional în așteptarea confirmării viitoare.&lt;br /&gt;Radicalism: îmbrășișează noua schemă, respinge-le pe toate celelalte&lt;br /&gt;Nihilism: respinge toate schemele, noi sau vechi&lt;br /&gt;New Age: acceptă toate memele atractive estetic, noi sau vechi, indiferent de consistența empirică sau internă; respingele pe celelalte. (Aceasta nu conferă protecție prea mare)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Vector&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Um mediu, metodă sau vehicul pentru transmiterea unei meme. Aproape toate mijloacele de comunicare poate fi un vector memetic.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Sinplex, sinplexuri*&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Susan Blackmore stipulează că Sinele nu este decât o colecție de "povești" memetice, pe care le denumește sinplex (trad. de la "selfplex").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Neomemă, neomeme*&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Noi tipuri de meme create prin intermediul internetului și noilor tehnologii; felul în care acestea se modifică și circulă într-un context social din ce in ce mai digital.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;______________&lt;br /&gt;*contribuții personale&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Puteti sa descarcati dictionarul ca: &lt;a href="http://czhztq.bay.livefilestore.com/y1p30gzyvE73w8TtKh_GP-Bf9kZV3QNy0nN3-jFdXcO5Um9oUQ1ZjnWPm8-6omT8Ey_VQ-osv0vj8fSpN17L3gzhw/Dictionar_memetic.pdf?download"&gt;pdf&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://czhztq.bay.livefilestore.com/y1pfMDFScn32OG2CwXydQ4bxvwAQTGayZuMl6HHQoPdS_jdXiL8c4L2KpKfyFVTDFAn2vHjxqydPJp8UQM-fupG6g/Dictionar_memetic.ppsx?download"&gt;PowerPoint Show 2007&lt;/a&gt; (14 MB), &lt;a href="http://czhztq.bay.livefilestore.com/y1pdmiap1K4ElGNUG_y3TUBURkhCLdvOVzw_S1ae3GNp9R1E6Ib0k7P-A-6px53xDMdSssNKqJpoCnF58TyFMeXaQ/Dictionar_memetic_97.pps?download"&gt;PowerPoint Show 97-2003&lt;/a&gt; (17 MB).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6114157091471195255?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6114157091471195255/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6114157091471195255' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6114157091471195255'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6114157091471195255'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/07/dictionar-de-memetica.html' title='Dictionar de memetica'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-2430938379406614494</id><published>2008-06-27T01:24:00.007+03:00</published><updated>2008-06-29T10:58:09.151+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='satirical'/><title type='text'>Antidot la superstitie</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Intampinata cu surle si trambite la Pro TV, in emisiunea Happy Hour, asa-zisa clarvazatoare Carmen Harra face o previziune legata de finala campionatului european de fotbal, si anume ca aceasta se va juca intre Germania si Rusia, Rusia castigand campionatul. Ei bine, tocmai am aflat ca trofeul campionautului european de football se va disputa intre Germania si Spania, nicidecum intre Germania si Rusia...&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Am observat doua lucruri la astfel de personaje. In cazul, destul de frecvent, in care poseda o diploma in psihologie (nu intamplator), intotdeauna se vor recomanda cu titlul academic (Dr. Carmen Harra), de parca acest lucru ar avea vreo relevanta asupra prestatiei lor de astrolog sau numerolog in adevaratul sens. Un alt lucru pe care l-am observat este ca intotdeauna ofera o anumita marja de eroare predictiilor lor, astfel incat sa nu poata fi acuzati de inselaciune, in cazul in care previziunea nu se implineste. De exemplu, Carmen Harra se lauda ca previziunile sale au un procent de implinire de 93%. Deloc rau, insa parca as prefera sa aflu acest procent dintr-o sursa independenta. Oricum, in legatura cu finala campionatului european de football ne-am lamurit. Mai ramane sa ne lamurim si in legatura cu cazul Elodia, o alta predictie facuta de d-na... "doctor". Ma opresc aici. Eu n-as paria insa...&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Iata si dovada:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 0px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-08116718377230926 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/0m-BPsXmLiU&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a style="left: 0px ! important; top: 0px ! important;" title="Click here to block this object with Adblock Plus" class="abp-objtab-08116718377230926 visible ontop" href="http://www.youtube.com/v/0m-BPsXmLiU&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/0m-BPsXmLiU&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/0m-BPsXmLiU&amp;amp;hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" width="425" height="344"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Puteti participa la un sondaj legat de subiect aici:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://random-forms.blogspot.com/2008/06/carmen-harra-impostoare.html"&gt;http://random-forms.blogspot.com/2008/06/carmen-harra-impostoare.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-2430938379406614494?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/2430938379406614494/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=2430938379406614494' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2430938379406614494'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2430938379406614494'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/06/antidot-la-superstitie.html' title='Antidot la superstitie'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-3175411950954092569</id><published>2008-06-26T20:49:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-06-26T20:52:05.533+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citate'/><title type='text'>Citatul zilei</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;The missing link&lt;/b&gt; created far more interest than all the chains and explanations of being. (Marshall McLuhan)&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-3175411950954092569?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/3175411950954092569/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=3175411950954092569' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3175411950954092569'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3175411950954092569'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/06/citatul-zilei_26.html' title='Citatul zilei'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-4189986023324770241</id><published>2008-06-25T10:26:00.004+03:00</published><updated>2008-06-25T12:03:01.109+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetic evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='meme'/><title type='text'>Teatru de improvizatie... "evolutia" unei meme</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(131, 129, 46);"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Am facut putina pauza la scris astazi deoarece o prietena, o actrita aspiranta, m-a invitat la piesa sa de absolvire. Desi stiam ce este teatrul de improvizatie, nu asistasem niciodata efectiv la vreo piesa, deci nu stiam la ce sa ma astept.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(131, 129, 46);"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Teatrul propriu-zis se afla in subsolul unei cladiri din Chelsea. Arata ca o pestera, cu tavan jos si piloni de sustinere masivi din beton in mijloc, toate zugravite negru, precum si o colectie de recuzita de teatru veche in diferite stadii de degradare. Ma intrebam daca exista vreun plan de evacuare in caz de cutremur, cand mi-am adus aminte ca NYC nu este o zona activa seismic.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(131, 129, 46);"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Un anunt la portavoce indeamna audienta sa-si inchida telefoanele mobile, apoi am cazut cu totii in intuneric. Apoi scena s-a luminat si, dupa o scurta introducere facuta de catre o femeie foarte energetica care topaia intr-una, actorii absolventi au intrat pe scena.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(131, 129, 46);"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Ne poate cineva sugera printr-un cuvant cu ce sa incepem?" intreba audienta femeia energetica.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(131, 129, 46);"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Restaurant mexican" striga cineva din intuneric, urmat de chicote de ras. Astfel ca, pe baza acestei sugestii, actorii au inceput sa construiasca scene si monologuri fara vreo pregatire prealabila. Cand le venea vreo idee, pur si simplu paseau in mijlocul scenei si-si dezvoltau ideea mai departe. Cateodata, acest lucru parea firesc, alteori nu.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(131, 129, 46);"&gt;&lt;em&gt;In mare, a fost un mod foarte agreabil de a-mi petrece dupa-amiaza. Actiunea trecea de la scene puerile la scene umoristice, furnizand adesea comentarii inteligente si incisive despre comportamentul uman, societate si politica americana. Prietena mea, Jassica, a jucat rolurile unei femei batrane fara adapost, al vice-resedintelui Statelor Unite si al unei mame fara scrupule care-si hranea fiica bulimica de 5 ani numai cu supa, ca nu cumva sa se ingrase. De asemenea, Jessica a avut propriul sau monolog despre viata in orasul sau natal din Louisiana.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(131, 129, 46);"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Un lucru mi s-a parut interesant, si anume modul in care subiectul a evoluat pe parcursul reprezentatiei. Piesa a inceput cu "restaurantul mexican", s-a metamorfozat in "nu bea apa", prin care se subintelegea, bineinteles, a bea bere sau alta bautura alcoolica in loc (subiectul a trenat o buna bucata de vreme la acest capitol), apoi s-a preschimbat in a explora folosirea drogurilor ilegale, a vomita, sex, mariaj, prostitutie, etc.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(131, 129, 46);"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Evolutia sugestiei de la inceput, "restaurant mexicam", in sex, droguri si alcool mi-a adus aminte de un experiment la care participasem in copilarie, in care mai multi copii, aproximativ 20, ne-am aliniat unul langa celalalt la zid si ne sopteam la ureche un mic "secret" care era apoi transmis urmatorului din linie pana la ultimul. La sfarsit, ultimul din rand spunea cu voce tare ceea ce-i soptise cel de langa el, facand apoi comparatia cu cuvantul original. "Secretul" final, asemenea "restaurantului mexican" se metamorfozase si el in ceva mult mai... interesant.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(131, 129, 46);"&gt;&lt;em&gt;A fost o lectie utila, ilustrand cum schimbarile mici, sau mutatiile, contribuie la crearea de noi forme. Pentru mine, acest mic experiment improvizat a fost interesant si provocator la mai multe niveluri.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;(traducere; &lt;a href="http://scienceblogs.com/grrlscientist/2008/06/improv_theatre_illustrates_evo.php" target="_blank"&gt;sursa&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Desi imi aduc aminte foarte bine si eu de "telefonul fara fir", pe care-l jucamin copilarie, personal nu mi se pare ca in "experimentul" de mai sus avem de-a face  atat cu evolutia propriu-zisa a unei &lt;strong&gt;meme&lt;/strong&gt; (in cazul nostru "restaurant mexican"), cat mai ales cu ilustrarea legaturilor organice dintre diferite &lt;strong&gt;meme&lt;/strong&gt;, asa-numitele &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memeplex"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;memeplexe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, si de care adesea nu suntem constienti. Asemanarea dintre cele doua "experimente" este doar aparenta.  &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Deci se pare ca exista o legatura intre "restaurant mexican", sex, droguri, mariaj si prostitutie. V-ati fi asteptat? Este un experimant mintal (Gedankenexperiment) pe care cu totii il putem face nu doar la teatru, ci stand in fata televizorului, in tramvai, la supermarket, la o terasa, mergand pe strada, la cinema... etc, sau pur si simplu inchizand ochii. Vorba poetului, &lt;em&gt;"all the world's a stage".&lt;/em&gt; Va incurajez sa-l faceti cat mai des cu putinta.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-4189986023324770241?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/4189986023324770241/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=4189986023324770241' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/4189986023324770241'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/4189986023324770241'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/06/teatru-de-improvizatie-evolutia-unei.html' title='Teatru de improvizatie... &quot;evolutia&quot; unei meme'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6494342093676009013</id><published>2008-06-24T21:04:00.004+03:00</published><updated>2008-06-25T10:42:07.228+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='satirical'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Gena egoismului !?...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;As fi preferat ca destinul sa nu-mi indrume astazi pasii...  mouse-ul spre pagina web a revistei &lt;a href="http://www.descopera.ro/" target="_blank"&gt;Descopera&lt;/a&gt;, unde am dat peste un &lt;a href="http://www.descopera.ro/dnews/2733670-noile-studii-confirma-existenta-genei-egoismului" target="_blank"&gt;articol&lt;/a&gt; care, cel putin la prima vedere, pare a fi scris de catre un elev mediocru de clasa a VI-a. Il reproduc mai jos:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(97, 102, 0);"&gt;O descoperire a unui cercetator de la Universitatea Western Ontario ofera noi dovezi, care vin in suportul unor teorii dezvoltate de-a lungul mai multor decade.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(97, 102, 0);"&gt;Din momentul in care biologul britanic Richard Dawkins a introdus conceptul de &lt;u&gt;“gena a egoismului”&lt;/u&gt; in 1976, cercetatorii din  intreaga lume l-au interpretat drept o extensie a teoriei evolutioniste a lui Charles Darwin.      &lt;br /&gt;In studiul genomilor, cuvantul “egoist” nu se refera la comportamentul uman, ci la tendinta unor gene de a-si continua existenta si in urmatoarea generatie. In mod ironic, aceasta asa-numita “gena egoista” se poate cenzura pana la auto-sacrificare.       &lt;br /&gt;Un exemplu concludent, este cel al albinelor. In cadrul unui stup, descris ca un sistem social complex, albinele muncitoare sunt sterile. Regina adulta, aleasa chiar de albine, este singura care se poate  reproduce.      &lt;br /&gt;Deoarece gena egoista, responsabila de sterilitatea celorlalte albine nu a fost niciodata izolata de catre cercetatori, intelegerea modului in care altruismul reproductiv a evoluat, a fost teoretica, cel putin pana in acest moment.       &lt;br /&gt;Biologii au reusit sa izoleze pentru prima data aceasta gena, ceea ce dovedeste ca ea exista in realitate, nu numai in teorie. Studiile asupra genomului sunt in plina desfasurare,  insa cercetatorii sunt increzatori ca aceasta descoperire va duce la validarea unor concepte importante din domeniul socio-biologiei.      &lt;br /&gt;Sursa: Science Daily&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;"Din momentul in care biologul britanic Richard Dawkins a introdus conceptul de &lt;u&gt;“gena a egoismului”&lt;/u&gt; in 1976..."&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Evident autorul, ca multi alti asa-zisi jurnalisti de la noi, a tradus ceva despre care nu are deloc habar. Dawkins nu a scris in capodopera sa din 1976 despre &lt;u&gt;"gena egoismului"&lt;/u&gt;, ci despre &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;gena egoista &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;(&lt;em&gt;The Selfish Gene)&lt;/em&gt;, iar ideea sa inovatoare este ca TOATE genele sunt "egoiste", nu numai una. Acestea fiind stiute, nu cred ca are sens sa discutam despre &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;o gena anume&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; a egoismului. Ii sugerez autorului sa reverifice sursa articolului si, eventual, sa apeleze la un specialist. Nu ma astept ca &lt;a href="http://www.descopera.ro/dnews/2733670-noile-studii-confirma-existenta-genei-egoismului" target="_blank"&gt;articolul cu pricina&lt;/a&gt; sa fie retras de pe pagina.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;P.S. In &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080620115905.htm"&gt;articolul original&lt;/a&gt; de pe &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/"&gt;ScienceDaily&lt;/a&gt; autorul se refera strict la gena care controleaza sterilitatea lucratoarelor de albine, si nu la o gena anume care ar fi raspunzatoare de egoism.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6494342093676009013?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6494342093676009013/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6494342093676009013' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6494342093676009013'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6494342093676009013'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/06/gena-egoismului.html' title='Gena egoismului !?...'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-7443668163960818566</id><published>2008-06-23T20:23:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2008-06-23T20:58:25.485+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetic evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociocultural evolution'/><title type='text'>Dumnezeul Americii</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/gyges77/SF_cQBcTISI/AAAAAAAAAOw/jFUPL3XOkXU/s1600-h/Americas_God3.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="border-width: 0px; margin: 0px 5px 0px 0px;" alt="Americas_God" src="http://lh3.ggpht.com/gyges77/SF_cRNGzQhI/AAAAAAAAAO0/5IzfphaPbJM/Americas_God_thumb1.jpg?imgmax=800" align="left" border="0" width="161" height="244" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Pentru a va edifica asupra &lt;strong&gt;evolutiei&lt;/strong&gt; religiei in America de dupa Razboiul de Independenta si cauzele istorice ale ascensiunii evangelicanismului la rangul de politica de stat in America contemporana, va recomand &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;America's God : From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, de Mark A. Noll. Cartea trateaza propriu-zis perioada cuprinsa intre Razboiul de Independenta si Razboiul de Secesiune, insa tot ce inseamna fundamentalism religios crestin in America de astazi, precum si ingerintele religiei asupra politicului (Republican) intr-o tara in care separarea intre biserica si stat este garantata prin constitutie, isi gasesc samburele in acea perioada. Cartea este in limba engleza si o puteti gasi la Biblioteca Universitatii din Oradea sau &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Americas-God-Jonathan-Edwards-Abraham/dp/0195182995/ref=pd_bbs_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1214243837&amp;amp;sr=8-1"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;aici&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, unde puteti gasi si review-uri la adresa ei. Review-uri neprofesioniste puteti gasi &lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/review/product/0195182995/ref=dp_db_cm_cr_acr_txt?_encoding=UTF8&amp;amp;showViewpoints=1" target="_blank"&gt;aici&lt;/a&gt;. Veti gasi multe din raspunsurile pe care le cautati...&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Pentru a va incita sa o cititi, va prezint mai jos cateva fragmente traduse de catre mine:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Evanghelismul, o forma de credinta crestina diferentiata din Catolicism, Protestantism traditional, chietism pietist si religiile rationaliste ale Iluminismului."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"...indiferent ce a determinat aceasta expansiune incredibila, putem vorbi despre o profunda sinergie intre mesajul baptist despre responsabilitatea personala inaintea lui D-zeu si circumstantele specifice ale unei natiuni americane pe cale de deschidere."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Republicanism crestin"&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"...cum a procedat evangelicanismul plastic, dar cu toate acestea identificabil, pe masura expansiunii sale de-a lungul cararilor deschise de circumstantele Statelor Unite nou create."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Evangelicalismul a transformat in mod sistematic individualismul intr-o ordine cosmica a lucrurilor, de la relatiile familiale, pana la actiunile individuale, si pana la emanciparea nationala."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"bisericile s-au lansat in a internaliza Revolutia (Razboiul de Independenta, n.r.)"&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"...in America revolutionara, bisericile au fost nevoite sa construiasca forme revolutionare de crestinism, sau sa intre in declin."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"...imaginea contractuala moderna a tins sa inghita ideea patriarhala traditionala a autoritatii. Actorii religiosi de succes au fost aceia care au stiut cum sa-si faureasca propria cale, sa se impuna cu indarjire pe piata credintelor si practicilor religioase concurente care se deschideau in paralel competitiei."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"exploatatorii antiformalisti (Baptisti, Metodisti n.r.) ai Revolutiei au dezvoltat tehnici revitaliste deoarece asemenea elemente dinamice si populare erau mai apte sa satisfaca nevoile unor oameni desradacinati si cu o mentalitate egalitara decat erau institutiile bisericesti statice, bazate pe standarde elitiste si monopoliste specifice secolului XVIII."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Democratizarea Crestinismului american a oglindit o revolutie in religie, care a condus in cele din urma la consolidare si reconstructie sociala"&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"...exploatarea religioasa sistematica a schimbarilor sociale revolutionare"&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Climatul non-restrictiv specific Americii post-revolutionare a permis o convergenta adesea exploziva intre fervoarea evangelicala si suveranitatea populara"&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"schimbarile democratice si revolutia democratica populara au fost, de asemenea, in felul lor, cauzate la originea lor de forte religioase. Razboiul de Independenta a precipitat revolutia democratica americana, insa nu doar prin forte proprii. Daca valul evangelical, in noua republica, a fost precipitat de revolutia democratica, impulsurile religioase au avut de asemenea un rol important in a inspira impulsurile democratice."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"una din cauzele reusitei Razboiului de Independenta a fost aceea ca Protestantii i-au sacralizat idealurile ca provenind de la D-zeu."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"prin contrast, in Franta, fortele revolutiei au fost istoric straine oricarei forme de Crestinism, iar activitatea Bisericii includea o opozitie intentionata fata de principiile republicane."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Crestinism democratizat"&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Din cauza ca bisericile contribuisera atat de mult la faurirea Americii, nu puteam evita sa convietuiasca cu ceea ce faurisera."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-7443668163960818566?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/7443668163960818566/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=7443668163960818566' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7443668163960818566'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7443668163960818566'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/06/dumnezeul-americii.html' title='Dumnezeul Americii'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://lh3.ggpht.com/gyges77/SF_cRNGzQhI/AAAAAAAAAO0/5IzfphaPbJM/s72-c/Americas_God_thumb1.jpg?imgmax=800' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-7750409528420761230</id><published>2008-06-19T22:16:00.002+03:00</published><updated>2008-06-20T23:00:36.978+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sexual selection'/><title type='text'>Selectia sexuala antagonista</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Selectia sexuala antagonista&lt;/em&gt; este un tip particular de selectie sexuala, care confera un avantaj unui sex, in defavoarea celuilalt sex. Pana acum s-a considerat ca selectia este proprie unor insecte, pasari, mamifere, dar nu omului. Insa, conform ultimelor cercetari, &lt;em&gt;fenomenul homosexualitatii masculine&lt;/em&gt; (bazat in parte pe conditionare genetica) pare sa aiba la baza tocmai acest mecanism. In mod normal, gena (sau genele) raspunzatoare de homosexualitatea masculina ar trebui sa fie eliminata treptat din populatie. Faptul ca acest lucru nu se intampla, sugereaza ca gena homosexualitatii confera totusi un avantaj in cadrul populatiei. Ultimele cercetari au constatat ca cel putin o gena din cele raspunzatoare se transmite exclusiv pe linie materna, in cromozomul X, conferind un spor de fertilitate feminin. Astfel ca, desi determina o fertilitate scazuta in randul masculilor, ea compenseaza, determinand in acelasi timp o fertilitate sporita in randul femelelor, fertilitatea populatiei per ansamblu crescand.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-7750409528420761230?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/7750409528420761230/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=7750409528420761230' title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7750409528420761230'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7750409528420761230'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/06/selectia-sexuala-antagonistica.html' title='Selectia sexuala antagonista'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6104181426401726420</id><published>2008-06-15T12:07:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2008-06-15T22:37:44.895+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citate'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofie evolutionista'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='universal evolution'/><title type='text'>Ralph Waldo Emerson</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Doresc sa ma opresc astazi asupra unui fragment din &lt;em&gt;Natura&lt;/em&gt;, un eseu de Ralph Waldo Emerson. M-a impresionat limbajul plastic caracteristic al autorului. Imi evoca in amintire minunatele scrieri despre flora si fauna ale academicianului Ion Simionescu, pe care vi-l recomand cu cea mai mare caldura sa-l cititi, atat cu sufletul, cat si cu mintea. Alegeti d-voastra ordinea...&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Oprindu-ne insa la vreme, desi ar mai fi fost multe lucruri de spus, sa nu uitam omagiul cuvenit naturii eficiente, &lt;em&gt;natura naturans&lt;/em&gt;, cauza vie din fata careia toate formele fug asemenea zapezii spulberate, ea insasi plina de taine, zamislitoare a unor inchipuiri nespus de variate pe care le mana ca pe niste turme si multimi (asa cum isi reprezentau natura anticii prin Proteus pastorul). Ea se destainuie in vietati, pornind de la particule si spicule si ajungand, dupa repetate transformari, la cele mai inalte transformari si rezultate, &lt;em&gt;fara socuri sau salturi&lt;/em&gt; *. Putina caldura, cu alte cuvinte putina miscare, este tot ceea ce diferentiaza polii reci, sterpi, de un alb orbitor, ai pamantului de prolificele clime tropicale. Toate schimbarile se petrec fara violenta, in virtutea celor doua conditii fundamentale - spatiul si timpul nemarginit. Geologia ne-a initiat in secularitate naturii si ne-a invatat sa ne dezobisnuim de etaloanele noastre scolare si sa inlocuim sistemul mozaic sau ptolemeic cu stilul cel mai vast. Nu am stiut nimic cum se cuvine din lipsa de perspectiva. Acum insa invatam ce perioade rabdatoare trebuie sa se scurga pana sa se formeze roca, apoi pana sa se sfarame roca, pana cand primii licheni destrama patura esterioara cea mai subtire si o transforma in pamant, lasand drum liber Florei, Faunei, lui Ceres si Pomonei. Cat de indepartat este trilobitul! sau patrupedul! sau, mai mult inca, omul! Isi ocupa locul pe rand, apoi neamurile omenesti. E un drum lung de la granit pana la stridie, dar si mai lung pana la Platon si invatatura despre nemurirea sufletului. Dar se perinda toti si toate, neabatut; pe cat este de sigur ca atomul are doua laturi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6104181426401726420?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6104181426401726420/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6104181426401726420' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6104181426401726420'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6104181426401726420'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/06/ralph-waldo-emerson.html' title='Ralph Waldo Emerson'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-9123151481431247450</id><published>2008-06-10T12:18:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-06-10T12:19:17.119+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetic evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evolutie culturala'/><title type='text'>Evolutia telefoanelor mobile</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;object id="viddler" height="369" width="437" classid="clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000" playmovie="playmovie" pausemovie="pausemovie" startmovie="startmovie" stopmovie="stopmovie" setmovie="setmovie" setmovie="setmovie" stopmovie="stopmovie" startmovie="startmovie" pausemovie="pausemovie" playmovie="playmovie"&gt;&lt;param name="_cx" value="11562"&gt;&lt;param name="_cy" value="9763"&gt;&lt;param name="FlashVars" value=""&gt;&lt;param name="Movie" value="http://www.viddler.com//simple_on_site/8c574347"&gt;&lt;param name="Src" value="http://www.viddler.com//simple_on_site/8c574347"&gt;&lt;param name="WMode" value="Window"&gt;&lt;param name="Play" value="0"&gt;&lt;param name="Loop" value="-1"&gt;&lt;param name="Quality" value="High"&gt;&lt;param name="SAlign" value="LT"&gt;&lt;param name="Menu" value="-1"&gt;&lt;param name="Base" value=""&gt;&lt;param name="AllowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;param name="Scale" value="NoScale"&gt;&lt;param name="DeviceFont" value="0"&gt;&lt;param name="EmbedMovie" value="0"&gt;&lt;param name="BGColor" value=""&gt;&lt;param name="SWRemote" value=""&gt;&lt;param name="MovieData" value=""&gt;&lt;param name="SeamlessTabbing" value="1"&gt;&lt;param name="Profile" value="0"&gt;&lt;param name="ProfileAddress" value=""&gt;&lt;param name="ProfilePort" value="0"&gt;&lt;param name="AllowNetworking" value="all"&gt;&lt;param name="AllowFullScreen" value="true"&gt; &lt;embed src="http://www.viddler.com//simple_on_site/8c574347" width="437" height="369" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" name="viddler"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-9123151481431247450?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/9123151481431247450/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=9123151481431247450' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/9123151481431247450'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/9123151481431247450'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/06/evolutia-telefoanelor-mobile.html' title='Evolutia telefoanelor mobile'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8843180184362096772</id><published>2008-06-08T10:00:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2008-06-08T12:02:53.443+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>Natura, cu colti si gheare-nsangerate...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;In har Divin credinț-a pus,  &lt;br /&gt;Că dragostea-i Creației supremă legitate,   &lt;br /&gt;Deși Natura, cu colți și gheare-nsângerate,   &lt;br /&gt;Credinței al său răcnet i-a opus.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;(Alfred Lord Tennyson, &lt;em&gt;In Memoriam A.H.H.&lt;/em&gt;; traducere proprie)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8843180184362096772?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8843180184362096772/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8843180184362096772' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8843180184362096772'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8843180184362096772'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/06/natura-cu-colti-si-gheare-nsangerate.html' title='Natura, cu colti si gheare-nsangerate...'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-5557252811266680935</id><published>2008-06-01T22:40:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2008-06-01T22:40:21.465+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='citate'/><title type='text'>Citatul zilei</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;Nu putem transcede natura, caci natura insasi transcede.&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; (Lynn Margulis si Dorion Sagan, &lt;em&gt;Ce este viata?&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-5557252811266680935?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/5557252811266680935/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=5557252811266680935' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5557252811266680935'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5557252811266680935'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/06/citatul-zilei.html' title='Citatul zilei'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6206167395796091340</id><published>2008-05-23T23:04:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-05-23T23:45:49.303+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>Evolutia este mai iscusita decat esti tu</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Titlul acestui articol corespunde &lt;em&gt;Legii a doua a lui Orgel&lt;/em&gt;, un biolog evolutionist britanic. In limba engleza, axioma suna oarecum mai sugestiv: &lt;em&gt;Evolution is cleverer than you are&lt;/em&gt;. Legea exprima faptul ca strategiile bazate pe &lt;em&gt;incercare si eroare&lt;/em&gt; sunt adesea superioare planificarii centralizate practicate de catre inteligenta umana. Cu alte cuvinte, natura, lasata singura, va gasi calea cea mai buna, nefiind necesar un &lt;em&gt;designer&lt;/em&gt; (unic). De exemplu, o piata libera, de tip capitalist, va fi intotdeauna mai eficienta pe termen lung decat una centralizata, de tip socialist. Axioma va avea in viitor un impact major in proiectare, inginerie si in general in luarea de decizii la diferite niveluri, bazate pe strategia &lt;em&gt;bottom-up.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6206167395796091340?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6206167395796091340/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6206167395796091340' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6206167395796091340'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6206167395796091340'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/05/evolutia-este-mai-iscusita-decat-esti.html' title='Evolutia este mai iscusita decat esti tu'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6032857650608037223</id><published>2008-05-17T16:29:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2008-05-17T16:29:13.540+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religion'/><title type='text'>Usa intredeschisa...</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Motivul pentru care imi permit sa reproduc in cele ce urmeaza un fragment din cartea &lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Usa interzisa&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, de Gabriel Liiceanu, este acela ca tot ceea ce constituie continutul acestuia rezoneaza in mare masura cu propria mea opinie fata de subiect.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dar cum ajunge omul &amp;#238;n posesia acestor vaste icoane ale lumii? Cum ajunge el să se raporteze la ele ca &amp;quot;imagini&amp;quot; reale, subzistente, ba chiar dotate cu grade supreme de fiinţă? Pe ce poartăa minţii noastre au pătruns ele &amp;#238;n noi, de vreme ce prin experienţa fiecăruia dintre noi ele nu pot lua naştere? Răspunsul este: prin revelaţie. Dar cum revelaţia nu este o stare comunăde conştiinţă, ci dimpotrivă una de graţie, de iluminare şi rapt, ea nu poate surveni dec&amp;#238;t &amp;#238;n indivizi izolaţi, excepţionali şi aleşi. Aceştia, fondatori de religii, profeţi sau sfinţi, au ajuns &amp;#238;n contact direct cu divinitatea şi astfel au intrat &amp;#238;n posesia unui adevăr revelat care &amp;#238;n cele din urmăeste consemnat ca atare şi devine text sacru. Textul sacru, care este străjuit, interpretat şi transmis mai departe prin oficiile specializate ale unor slujitori ai divinităţii, este depozitarul adevărului revelat şi el oferă, pentru restul oamenilor, pentru cei care nu au avut privilegiul &amp;#238;nt&amp;#238;lnirii cu divinitatea, certitudinea &amp;#238;n privinţa unor &amp;quot;stări de lucruri&amp;quot; la care ei nu au altminteri nicicum acces.        &lt;br /&gt;Religiile se bazează astfel pe o &lt;strong&gt;oligarhie a cunoaşterii&lt;/strong&gt;. Nu există o stare comună a revelaţiei şi nu oricine are rendez-vous cu divinul, nu oricine poate fi transportat şi răpit, pentru a spune apoi ce a auzit sau văzut &amp;quot;acolo&amp;quot;. Accesul la Spectacolul Lumii are loc, pentru marea majoritate a oamenilor, prin delegaţie şi ei trebuie să-l creadă pe cel răpit, sau textul revelat, pe cuv&amp;#238;nt. Nimic nu este de verificat, totul trebuie crezut.         &lt;br /&gt;&amp;quot;Problema&amp;quot; pe care o ridică revelaţia este că ea nu face parte din subiectivitatea universală a subiectului. Ea este, chiar, opusul acesteia: ea este o facultate excepţională şi validarea ei nu se poate face ― de către cei ce nu au parte de ea (şi aceştia dau regula) ― dec&amp;#238;t printr-o acceptare binevoitoare ce nu are nevoie de dovezi. Acea m&amp;#238;năde oameni aleşi (după criteriul insondabil al graţiei) fac o experienţă care nu e dec&amp;#238;t a lor, pătrunz&amp;#238;nd pe teritoriul lucrurilor pe care &amp;#238;ndeobşte nu le vedem ― şi tocmai aceasta este revelaţia ― pe c&amp;#238;nd ceilalţi trebuie săcreadă ceea ce primii, graţie revelaţiei, au văzut şi ceea ce nu poate exista dec&amp;#238;t ca domeniu al credinţei. Credinciosul, cum spune Luther, prin chiar credinţa sa, este făcut &amp;quot;prizonierul lucrurilor pe care nu le vedem&amp;quot;.         &lt;br /&gt;Ecuaţia credinţei se bazează&amp;#238;n cele din urmăpe bună-credinţă. Să ne imaginăm, simplific&amp;#238;nd lucrurile, că un om are privilegiul de a fi astfel situat &amp;#238;nc&amp;#238;t să poată vedea ceea ce se petrece &amp;#238;ntr-un spaţiu la care ceilalţi nu au acces. El este, de pildă, supra&amp;#238;nălţat pe o scară sau urcat &amp;#238;n v&amp;#238;rful unui copac şi poate privi de acolo ceea ce se petrece &amp;#238;ntr-o &amp;#238;ncăpere situată la etaj. Alţi oameni stau jos şi nu pot vedea ce se &amp;#238;nt&amp;#238;mplă &amp;#238;n &amp;#238;ncăperea de la etaj dec&amp;#238;t graţie relatării celui care vede. Relatarea pe care acesta le-o face cu privire la cele ce se petrec &amp;#238;n &amp;#238;ncăpere trebuie crezută pe cuv&amp;#238;nt. Pentru a fi &amp;quot;credincioşi&amp;quot;, cei ce nu văd trebuie să-i facăcredit celui ce vede, &amp;#238;n speţă să accepte cărelatarea lui este corectă.         &lt;br /&gt;&amp;#206;n cazul credinţei lucrurile se complică mai mult, pentru că cel ce dezvăluie,&amp;#160; cel ce are revelaţia nu &amp;#238;mpărtăşeşte ceea ce &amp;quot;vede&amp;quot; pe măsură ce vede, ci după ce&amp;#160; viziunea a avut loc &amp;#238;n deplină solitudine şi ca urmare a unei retrageri asumate din         &lt;br /&gt;lumea obişnuităa celorlalţi. El spune nu numai ce a văzut, ci spune mai &amp;#238;nt&amp;#238;i că a văzut. Ceilalţi nu au asistat la momentul c&amp;#238;nd persoana aleasă vedea ceea ce pentru ei era nevăzut. Revelaţia nu presupune viziunea şi relatarea &amp;#238;n direct. Cel ce vede vede fără martori şi relatarea lui este secvenţă &amp;#238;n raport cu momentul c&amp;#238;nd a văzut. Buna lui credinţă nu trebuie pusă la &amp;#238;ndoială &amp;#238;n două sensuri: credincioşii trebuie să-l creadă pe profet at&amp;#238;t &amp;#238;n privinţa &amp;#238;nt&amp;#238;lnirii lui cu Dumnezeu, c&amp;#238;t şi &amp;#238;n privinţa acurateţii dezvăluirilor sale.         &lt;br /&gt;Dar de ce oamenii acceptă &amp;#238;n acest caz să creadăcu at&amp;#238;ta &amp;#238;ncr&amp;#238;ncenare lucruri care s&amp;#238;nt cu totul neobişnuite şi perfect neverificabile, &amp;#238;n vreme ce &amp;#238;n at&amp;#238;tea alte cazuri ei se lasă cu greu convinşi de lucruri infinit credibile şi susţinute cu probe şi         &lt;br /&gt;argumente extrem de convingătoare? Pentru simplul motiv că există un av&amp;#238;nt al cunoaşterii care face ca fiinţa umană să nu se poată limita la obiectele pe care i le dă experienţa. Există &amp;#238;n noi, spune Kant, o nevoie cu mult mai &amp;#238;naltă dec&amp;#238;t &amp;quot;silabisirea &amp;#238;n marginea celor ce apar&amp;quot;. Ba chiar omul vrea să se simtă liber de regula pe care i-o impun simţurile şi conceptele intelectului. El are nevoie de o cunoaştere care vine nu de jos, ci dintr-o raţiune supremă care, &amp;#238;ntr-un timp imemorial, s-a livrat celei omeneşti, făc&amp;#238;ndu-i dezvăluiri senzaţionale cărora nu le&amp;#160; corespunde nici un obiect vizibil.         &lt;br /&gt;Şi totuşi, Kant, tocmai &amp;#238;n măsura &amp;#238;n care a recunoscut acest av&amp;#238;nt, s-a simţit obligat (ca să spunem aşa din motive de onestitate intelectuală, filozofică şi critică)&amp;#160; să-l stăvilească şi să arate p&amp;#238;nă la ce punct anume este el &amp;#238;ndreptăţit ― ceea ce         &lt;br /&gt;&amp;#238;nseamnă: p&amp;#238;nă la ce punct &amp;#238;i corespunde posibilitatea cunoaşterii şi o cunoaştere reală― şi din ce punct anume av&amp;#238;ntul acesta devine total necontrolat, &amp;#238;n măsura &amp;#238;n care unei probleme reale nu-i poate corespunde nici o cunoaştere reală.         &lt;br /&gt;Or, aici intervine divorţul meu faţă de amicii mei. Zona aceasta, a posibilului tulburător, această cupă fără fund a transcendenţei &amp;#238;n care pot fi turnate &amp;#238;n neştire cele mai cr&amp;#238;ncene credinţe, toate speranţele, spaimele şi fantasmele noastre, mă tulbură şi pe mine aşa cum pe Kant &amp;#238;l tulbura uşurinţa cu care Swedenborg făcea excursii &amp;#238;n lumea &amp;quot;de dincolo&amp;quot;. Şi Kant şi Heidegger aveau o instrucţie religioasă mai profundă dec&amp;#238;t are un intelectual umanist astăzi şi totuşi &lt;strong&gt;o enormă onestitate intelectuală &amp;#238;i &amp;#238;mpiedica să facă din Dumnezeu şi credinţă realităţi la &amp;#238;ndem&amp;#238;nă&lt;/strong&gt; care le asigură celor ce participăla ele un grad de onorabilitate simetric cu dispreţul care &amp;#238;i acoperă automat pe cei care nu &amp;quot;au acces&amp;quot; la ele şi care &amp;#238;ndrăznesc să se &amp;#238;ntrebe, să nu ştie, săpunăla &amp;#238;ndoială. Or, pe mine tocmai &lt;strong&gt;siguranţa celor care s-au &amp;#238;nstăp&amp;#238;nit pe Dumnezeu&lt;/strong&gt; mă face să ridic glasul (exemplul lui Guenon e tipic), lipsa lor de precauţie, complicitatea lor &amp;#238;n ignoranţă, uşurinţa cu care &amp;#238;şi apropriază nevăzutul, felul &amp;#238;n care vorbesc despre el plescăind de plăcere, scamatoriile la care se dedau de &amp;#238;ndată ce intră &amp;#238;n arena lui, felul competent pe care şi-l arogă &amp;#238;n organizarea văzduhului, promptitudinea cu care descriu, schematizează şi fişează absolutul sub pălăria unei &amp;quot;ştiinţe sacre&amp;quot; ce investighează non-naturalul ca şi cum l-ar avea pe masa de disecţie. De ce toate astea c&amp;#238;nd eu pot să port &amp;#238;n mine &amp;quot;frica de Dumnezeu&amp;quot; fără să bat c&amp;#238;mpii despre &amp;quot;Fiinţa Supremă&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;posibilul non-manifest&amp;quot; sau&amp;#160; &amp;quot;non manifestabil&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;arborele sefirotic&amp;quot; şi alte constructe asemenea menite să astupe hăul fatalei noastre ignorante? &lt;strong&gt;Toate aceste construcţii somptuoase menite să combată resemnarea &amp;#238;n finit şi să ne satisfacă apetitul ezoteric&lt;/strong&gt; seamănă teribil cu palatele din povestirile orientale care s&amp;#238;nt purtate prin văzduh av&amp;#238;nd ca simplu suport un covor fermecat.         &lt;br /&gt;La ce bun travaliul solemn al unor g&amp;#238;nditori care, timp de un secol şi jumătate, au &amp;#238;ncercat să arate p&amp;#238;nă unde se pot &amp;#238;ntinde pretenţiile de cunoaştere ale unui spirit prins &amp;#238;ntr-un corp, dacă tipi cu inteligenţa lui Andrei sau Horia preferă gargara guenoniană unei lucidităţi virile? Cum poţi, onest intelectual fiind, să pui &amp;#238;n locul unei ignorante riguros &amp;#238;ntemeiate şi metodologic asumate un surogat de cunoaştere?         &lt;br /&gt;Unei probleme reale ― care e t&amp;#238;lcul nostru de fiinţe muritoare? ― nu-i corespunde o cunoaştere reală. Asta e tot. La &amp;#238;ntrebarea de mai sus nu se poate răspunde &amp;#238;n chip pertinent. Ce decurge de aici? Obligaţia de a mima că un răspuns e cu putinţă şi de         &lt;br /&gt;a-i taxa de imbecili pe cei care nu se pretează la pantomima mea?         &lt;br /&gt;&amp;#206;n fond, nevoia mea de a scruta &amp;quot;absolutul&amp;quot; este la fel de aprigă pe c&amp;#238;t este cea a lui Andrei, numai că, stilistic vorbind, eu s&amp;#238;nt confiscat de un soi de &amp;quot;scepticism gascono-oltenesc&amp;quot;: prefer să fiu disperat dec&amp;#238;t escrocat. La bursa valorilor mele, cultivarea precauţiei mefiente şi grija de a nu fi păcălit (&amp;quot;calul&amp;quot; care e mereu &amp;#238;n pericol de a-mi fi furat este &amp;#238;nsăşi luciditatea mea) tind periodic sădevină virtuţi supreme. De aici senzaţia că demisolul fiinţei mele este locuit de un d'Artagnan melancolic, adică de o natură infantilă, ludică şi combativă, pe care a fost altoit spiritul         &lt;br /&gt;bănuitor, acru şi dezabuzat al unui Hamlet fără proiecte şi fără speranţe.         &lt;br /&gt;Din cauza aceasta, aşezarea mea &amp;#238;n existenţă este, poate, mai dramatică dec&amp;#238;t aceea a amicului meu: ea nu lasă nici o clipă senzaţia că raportul dintre văzut şi nevăzut poate fi g&amp;#238;ndit &amp;#238;n termenii unui conflict rezolvat. &amp;#206;n timp ce eu mă dau cu capul de pereţii &amp;#238;nchisorii mele, Andrei pare să ştie ceva despre spaţiul care se deschide de &amp;#238;ndată ce ar urma să străpungi zidul &amp;#238;nchisorii. Deşi nici eu, nici el (şi nimeni vreodată) nu l-a străpuns (dec&amp;#238;t &amp;#238;n direcţia unei morţi fără feed back), el se         &lt;br /&gt;poartă ca şi cum acest lucru ar fi posibil şi ca şi cum Cineva ar fi pitit &amp;#238;n trusa condiţiei umane, &amp;#238;nainte de a ne fi trimis &amp;#238;n excursie pe păm&amp;#238;nt, şi harta evadării noastre de aici.         &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;13 februarie&lt;/strong&gt;         &lt;br /&gt;Andrei crede căpoate rezolva prin deriziune, şarjăşi apel la venerabilitatea problemei un impas care face parte din &amp;#238;nsăşi reţeta noastră de fabricaţie.         &lt;br /&gt;C&amp;#238;nd l-am numit odată neonest (şi a tresărit) nu m-am referit la caracterul lui, ci la consecinţele formaţiei lui. De aia e bună filozofia şi Andrei plăteşte cu această &amp;quot;neonestitate intelectuală&amp;quot; fronda ― din care şi-a făcut un program de viaţă― la adresa filozofilor. Ar fi &amp;quot;avut ce face&amp;quot; cu Kant şi Heidegger. S-a ferit &amp;#238;nsă instinctiv ca cineva să-i tulbure certitudinile şi &amp;quot;liniştea ezoterică&amp;quot;. Ne-am rezistat unul altuia dintr-un &amp;quot;orgoliu al domeniului&amp;quot; prost &amp;#238;nţeles.         &lt;br /&gt;&amp;#206;n Amintirile lui Jung sau &amp;#238;n Memoriile lui Eliade s&amp;#238;nt destule exemple de intruziune, prin vis, a unei alte ordini a lucrurilor &amp;#238;n viaţa noastră. Eu &amp;#238;nsumi m-am simţit vizitat &amp;#238;n c&amp;#238;teva r&amp;#238;nduri de oameni care au jucat un rol deosebit &amp;#238;n viaţa mea: bunicul meu, mama, Noica, Bernea... &lt;strong&gt;Nu deschiderea către posibilul altei lumi &amp;#238;mi lipseşte, ci disponibilitatea de a crede că invizibilul poate fi sistematizat, investigat, &amp;#238;ntr-un cuv&amp;#238;nt cunoscut.&lt;/strong&gt; Pentru mine religiile s&amp;#238;nt enorme metafore ale transcendenţei. C&amp;#238;nd spun &amp;quot;metafore&amp;quot;, iau cuv&amp;#238;ntul &amp;#238;n sens propriu: o uriaşă         &lt;br /&gt;cantitate de elemente din lumea vizibilului este mobilizată şi pregătită pentru a fi &amp;quot;transportată dincolo&amp;quot; (metaphorein), cu g&amp;#238;ndul că &amp;#238;n felul acesta invizibilul ar putea fi intuit, aproximat etc. &amp;#206;n mod st&amp;#238;ngaci (şi disperat) se &amp;#238;ncearcă cucerirea&amp;#160; invizibilului prin vizibil şi a necunoscutului prin cunoscut. Toate religiile au generat, lez&amp;#238;nd &amp;#238;nsăşi natura transcendenţei, arte vizuale şi opere de elocinţă şi au constr&amp;#238;ns transcendentul să renunţe la prestigiul ineficace al vidului şi tăcerii şi să accepte,         &lt;br /&gt;din raţiuni electorale, ofensa plebeiană a imaginii şi cuv&amp;#238;ntului. &amp;quot;Povestea&amp;quot; şi &amp;quot;desenul&amp;quot; au pătruns &amp;#238;n spaţiul inexprimabilului şi al fără-de-chipului.         &lt;br /&gt;Evident, bietul spirit &amp;#238;ntrupat, aruncat etc. trebuia să se sprijine pe &amp;quot;ceva&amp;quot; pentru a face saltul către originile Proiectului. Anatomia corpului, arborele, aripa, puntea, pragul, scara, crucea etc. au devenit &amp;quot;simboluri&amp;quot;, pecetluiri ale separaţiei abolite (sytnballein) dintre vizibil şi invizibil.         &lt;br /&gt;Numai căceea ce iniţial a fost un compromis de &amp;quot;traducere&amp;quot;, ceea ce s-a născut ca o convenţie bazată pe o neputinţă de fond a terminat prin a deveni aprig, revendicativ şi sigur de sine. M&amp;#238;na care pretinde că, pur şi simplu lungindu-se la altă scară, poate apuca ceea ce &amp;#238;ndeobşte nu poate fi niciodată la &amp;quot;&amp;#238;ndem&amp;#238;nă&amp;quot; vrea să ne convingă că tine &amp;#238;n pumnul str&amp;#238;ns văzduh din lumea zeilor. C&amp;#238;nd citesc tipi ca Steiner sau Gu&amp;#233;non, am impresia că diferenţa dintre un mit şi un manual de botanică a dispărut.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;(Gabriel Liiceanu, &lt;em&gt;Usa interzisa&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6032857650608037223?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6032857650608037223/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6032857650608037223' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6032857650608037223'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6032857650608037223'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/05/usa-intredeschisa.html' title='Usa intredeschisa...'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-2525661763232610240</id><published>2008-05-12T11:42:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2008-05-12T11:50:53.531+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='filosofie evolutionista'/><title type='text'>Citatul zilei</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;quot;La inceput a fost simplitatea.&amp;quot;&lt;/em&gt; (Richard Dawkins, &lt;em&gt;Gena egoista&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-2525661763232610240?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/2525661763232610240/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=2525661763232610240' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2525661763232610240'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2525661763232610240'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/05/citatul-zilei.html' title='Citatul zilei'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-1526211951495832267</id><published>2008-05-09T19:17:00.008+03:00</published><updated>2008-05-11T09:43:02.554+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='satirical'/><title type='text'>Ignoranta si faptul estetic</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;In numarul 221 al saptamanalului &lt;a href="http://www.dilemaveche.ro/" target="_blank"&gt;Dilema Veche&lt;/a&gt; apare un articol in mod inconfundabil semnat Andrei Plesu. Il redau in cela ce urmeaza:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;blockquote style="font-style: italic;"&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Educaţia religioasă&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pînă la un punct, educaţia religioasă se suprapune cu educaţia pur şi simplu. Cu buna creştere. În noaptea Învierii, lucrul acesta se verifică an de an. Curţile bisericilor se umplu de tot soiul de inşi care nu ştiu unde se află, nu ştiu ce se petrece în locul în care se află şi nici cum trebuie să se poarte în împrejurarea cu pricina. Sînt simultan necatehizaţi şi needucaţi. Te întrebi, inevitabil, de ce-au venit. Răspunsul e vădit: au venit să se distreze. Biserica e o versiune a discotecii. Atmosfera e cool, gaşca e în formă, viaţa de noapte e super-viaţă! Nu-i vorbă că şi publicul „obişnuit“ pare să fi uitat regulile minimale ale reculegerii. Se umblă de colo colo, se dau semnale de regrupare către rudele sau prietenii de la alt capăt al curţii, se vorbeşte, se împinge, se trăieşte agitat, pragmatic, ca la gară sau ca la piaţă. (Trec peste precarităţile tehnice ale organizării, cu difuzoare şubrede, efecte de microfonie, fire răzleţe ale staţiei de amplificare etc.) Nu poţi să nu te gîndeşti că toate acestea sînt, între altele, şi efectul unei secularizări neinteligente, propagandistice, incapabile să-şi evalueze matur efectele. Se vorbeşte cu atîta incult parapon despre religie, încît nu e de mirare că tot ce ţine de sfera ei ameninţă să sucombe în barbarie comportamentală şi ignoranţă. E drept, nici slujitorii Bisericii nu par pregătiţi să reacţioneze adecvat. Învăţămîntul religios e practicat, adesea, la un nivel inadmisibil, cu accente rudimentar apologetice, ridicol etniciste, străine de orice subtilitate, de orice graţie teologală. Nevrednicia unor dascăli e la fel de vinovată de paloarea educaţiei religioase ca şi discursul laicizant la modă. E nevoie de o reformă tenace şi profundă pentru ca studiul religiei să capete stil, bun-gust şi gust bun.&lt;br /&gt;Îmi e totuşi imposibil să înţeleg pe ce se bizuie alergia unora la ideea însăşi a unei educaţii religioase cuviincioase. Bine condusă, ea nu poate decît să consolideze educaţia pură şi simplă, să-i dea anvergură şi temei. Ce e rău şi urît în marile texte sacre ale lumii? Ce tip de anestezie intelectuală te poate face să priveşti chiorîş spre Upanişade şi spre Coran, spre Canonul Buddhist şi spre Biblie? Ce specie de anestezie sufletească poate anula savoarea marilor mistici de pretutindeni? Cît trebuie să fii de simplificat lăuntric, ca să nu percepi amploarea nelumească a reflexiei teologice, a efortului ascetic, a aspiraţiei ultime? Şi cît de smintit trebuie să fii că să te simţi atins în demnitatea raţiunii tale de vecinătatea lui Lao-tse, a lui Shankara, a Sfîntului Augustin, a Magistrului Eckhart, a lui Pascal, a lui Vasile cel Mare sau a lui Grigorie Palama? Mi se va spune că sînt mai „ecumenic“ decît o îngăduie rigoarea confesională şi că educaţia religioasă autohtonă păcătuieşte tocmai prin refuzul unei astfel de deschideri. Se poate. Dar, pe de altă parte, e perfect firesc să începi cu „preajma“ ta, să deschizi mai întîi uşa frecventată de aparţinătorii lumii tale. E firesc să fii instruit mai întîi asupra ambianţei în care te-ai născut, să-i pricepi metabolismul, istoria, rostul. Nevoia de a înţelege ce înseamnă slujba Învierii, la care participi din copilărie, e, pînă una alta, mai acută decît nevoia de a înţelege ritualurile vedice. Evident, cei de altă confesiune trebuie să aibă libertatea de a opta. Pentru ceilalţi însă, a face din cultura religioasă o îndeletnicire facultativă e a le oferi o libertate riscantă. Aud mereu că, prin educaţia religioasă din şcoală, se inculcă „victimelor“ o „ideologie“ gata făcută, pentru care nu li s-a dat şansa liberei alegeri. E un principiu pedagogic aiuritor. Dacă toţi copiii ar fi invitaţi să aleagă „liber“ între şcoală şi joacă, probabil că majoritatea ar alege joaca. Cum de nu se găseşte nimeni care să protesteze că bieţii elevi sînt obligaţi la o disciplină pe care n-au ales-o de bună voie? Faptul de a învăţa ce înseamnă liturghie, împărtăşanie, euharistie, agneţ, spovedanie, icoană ş.a.m.d. nu duce necesarmente la prizonierat confesional, bigotism sau hirotonisire. E plină lumea de atei născuţi în medii pioase. Ca să nu mai spun că, fără educaţie religioasă, nici ateu nu poţi să fii cu adevărat: rămîi doar captivul unei iraţionale idiosincrasii. Vrem libertate de opţiune? Atunci să proclamăm orice formă de învăţămînt drept facultativă. Nu m-a întrebat nimeni dacă vreau să studiez, în liceu, chimia organică. De ce m-ar întreba dacă vreau să studiez religia? La această întrebare nu există decît un singur răspuns: spre deosebire de chimia organică, religia e un „opium“... S-o trecem atunci, pe urmele lui Marx, la studiul opiaceelor. Deocamdată, nu mi-e clar de ce studiul religiilor e o „intoxicare“ insidioasă, iar propaganda antireligioasă nu. De ce s-ar interzice copiilor dreptul la o instrucţie completă, dreptul de a fi liberi în cunoştinţă de cauză şi, mai ales, dreptul de a fi bine educaţi nu prin decret social, nu pe bază de etichetă convenţională, ci prin participare la ordinea mai subtilă a lumii, pe care secularizarea o pune, arogant şi ignar, între paranteze?&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Horge Louis Borges scrie undeva ca &lt;em&gt;faptul estetic&lt;/em&gt; nu cere neaparat sa fie definit (si as adauga eu justificat). &lt;em&gt;"Cred ca pentru noi toti faptul estetic este ceva atat de evident, atat de indefinibil, ca, de exemplu, dragostea, ca, de exemplu, savoarea unui fruct sau a apei sau a vinului, ca, de exemplu, campia sau marea... Simtim poezia asa cum simtim apropierea unei femei sau a unui munte sau a unui golf la ocean si pe care, cred, le simtim imediat" (H.L. Borges).&lt;/em&gt; Cred ca ceea ce-l determina pe D-ul Plesu sa fie in mod constient ignorant in anumite privinte nu este necunoasterea, ci inclinatia pentru &lt;em&gt;faptul estetic&lt;/em&gt;, pentru frumos. Pentru oameni ca D-ul Plesu a renunta la &lt;em&gt;faptul estetic&lt;/em&gt; echivaleaza cu a indeparta toata savoarea. Faptul estetic este mai important chiar decat adevarul. Asemenea dansului sunt poate 0.1% din populatie, cei care sunt ignoranti cu buna stiinta, si din alte cauze decat majoritatea: din cauze estetice. Sunt insa restul de 99.9% care sunt ignoranti fara sa fie constienti ca sunt ignoranti. Pentru acestia din urma, si nu pentru cei asemenea D-ului Plesu, este periculoasa obligativitatea predarii religiei in scoli.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-1526211951495832267?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/1526211951495832267/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=1526211951495832267' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1526211951495832267'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1526211951495832267'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/05/ignoranta-si-faptul-estetic.html' title='Ignoranta si faptul estetic'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-1331098355608074278</id><published>2008-05-04T20:04:00.002+03:00</published><updated>2008-05-06T00:29:31.948+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='altruism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='group selection'/><title type='text'>Egoistul... altruist</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Pana acum, cand era vorba despre altruism si/sau egoism, categoriile erau bine stabilite si definite. Un individ dintr-o populatie se comporta fata de ceilalti indivizi din populatie fie altruist, fie egoist, dar niciodata ambele concomitent. Mai mult, pana acum s-a considerat ca grupul are de beneficiat in competitia cu alte grupuri doar de pe urma comportamentului altruist.  Este vorba despre un nou model elaborat recent de catre Omar Tonsi Eldakar si David Sloan Wilson. Modelul stipuleaza ca in cazul unui individ care se comporta in mod egoist la un anumit nivel, acelasi comportament poate fi considerat ca fiind altruist la un alt nivel. S-a observat ca indivizii care se comporta in mod obisnuit egoist, au tendinta de a pedepsi indivizii care se comporta in acelasi mod. Din acest comportament beneficiaza in mod indirect indivizii altruisti, deoarece sunt scutiti de a investi efort ei insisi in pedepsirea indivizilor respectivi. In felul acesta, indivizii egoisti se limiteaza reciproc, impiedicand eliminarea completa a celor altruisti. Comportamentul poate fi considerat o diviziune a muncii sau un comportament simbiotic. Autorii au pornit in studiul lor de la observatia ca in comunitatile umane, indivizii predispusi la a insela, in inclinatia de a elimina competitia, au tendinta de a sanctiona indivizii care inseala asemenea lor. Articolul apare in &lt;a href="http://www.pnas.org" target="_blank"&gt;Proceedings of the National Academy of Science&lt;/a&gt;, datat 30 Aprilie, 2008.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-1331098355608074278?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/1331098355608074278/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=1331098355608074278' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1331098355608074278'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1331098355608074278'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/05/egoistul-altruist.html' title='Egoistul... altruist'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-1879615024668498313</id><published>2008-04-11T23:54:00.001+03:00</published><updated>2008-04-12T00:09:43.728+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='theory of evolution'/><title type='text'>TVR Cultural... pe val</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;In aceasta seara de vineri, 11 aprilie, TVR Cultural a prezentat in cadrul emisiunii &lt;em&gt;Tema de vineri&lt;/em&gt;, un subiect de actualitate in societatea romaneasca, si anume &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Creaţionism sau evoluţionism / &amp;#206;ntre dialog şi dogmă&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;. Emisiunea a dezbatut cu luciditate tema propusa, nelasand nesanctionata nici recenta scoatere a evolutionismului din Programa scolara. Emisiunea a beneficiat de doi invitati de calitate: &lt;strong&gt;Vintila Mihailescu,&lt;/strong&gt; antropolog cultural si profesor la Universitatea din Bucuresti, precum si medicul si scriitorul &lt;strong&gt;Ion Vianu&lt;/strong&gt;, fiul criticului literar Tudor Vianu. Discutia a fost destinsa, intr-o atmosfera colocviala. Il felicit pe D-ul Florin Iaru pentru impartialitatea sa. M-a impresionat in mod placut. Reproduc din prezentarea emisiunii:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pe 12 februarie 1809 se naşte, la Shrewsbury, &amp;#238;n Anglia, cel care va revoluţiona drastic şi dramatic concepţia despre originea omului şi nu numai a lui: Charles Darwin. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;#8222;Originea speciilor prin selecţie naturală sau păstrarea raselor favorizate &amp;#238;n lupta pentru existenţă&amp;quot;, a lui Charles Darwin, continuă să nască şi astăzi, la un secol şi jumatate de la apariţie, controverse.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Florin Iaru şi invitaţii săi vă invită la un slalom &amp;#238;ntre creaţionism si evoluţionism, &amp;#238;ntre dialog şi dogmă, la Tema de vineri.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Primul film documentar, bază a discuţiei de la Tema de vineri, este Război &amp;#238;n ştiinţă (A WAR ON SCIENCE - Marea Britanie, 2006), producător James Van Der Pool.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;#206;n anii '80, avocatul american Phillip Johnson a dezvoltat o strategie menită să combată teoria evoluţionistă a lui Darwin, chem&amp;#226;nd de partea lui c&amp;#226;ţiva anti-darwinişti notorii: biochimistul Michael Behe, matematicianul William Dembski şi filosoful ştiinţei Stephen Meyer. Aceştia au dezvoltat &amp;#238;mpreună teoria &amp;#8222;Proiectului inteligent&amp;quot; (Intelligent Design), potrivit căreia complexitatea lumii vii presupune cu necesitate existenţa unui Creator Suprem. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dar criticii acestei teorii sunt foarte numeroşi, dintre ei făc&amp;#226;nd parte, de exemplu, eminentul profesor britanic Richard Dawkins sau celebrul naturalist şi realizator de televiziune Sir David Attenborough. Documentarul urmăreşte o pasionantă confruntare &amp;#238;ntre tabăra &amp;#8222;creaţioniştilor&amp;quot; şi cea a &amp;#8222;evoluţioniştilor&amp;quot;, culmin&amp;#226;nd, &amp;#238;n 2005, cu o dezbatere la Curtea Federală a SUA. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Concluzia: &amp;#8222;Proiectul inteligent&amp;quot; nu are caracteristicile unei teorii ştiinţifice, aşadar nu poate fi predată elevilor la orele de biologie.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&amp;#206;n cea de-a doua parte a emisiunii, de la ora 23.00, TVR Cultural a programat filmul Oameni şi oameni (MAN TO MAN - Franţa-Africa de Sud-Marea Britanie, 2005), &amp;#238;n regia lui R&amp;#233;gis Wargnier, cu: Joseph Fiennes, Kristin Scott, Thomas Iain Glen&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Dramă. &amp;#206;n 1870, medicul scoţian Jamie Dodd capturează şi aduce &amp;#238;n Europa doi pigmei, pe care, socotindu-i &amp;#8222;veriga lipsă&amp;quot; din lanţul evolutiv, &amp;#238;ncepe să-i studieze &amp;#238;mpreună cu doi prieteni antropologi. Treptat, el &amp;#238;şi dă seama că prizonierii din cuşca de metal nu sunt animale care să facă senzaţie &amp;#238;ntr-o grădină zoologică, ci oameni la fel de sensibil şi de inteligenţi ca şi cei care-i examinează.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p&gt;(Sursa: &lt;a href="http://www.tvr.ro" target="_blank"&gt;TVR&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-1879615024668498313?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/1879615024668498313/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=1879615024668498313' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1879615024668498313'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1879615024668498313'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/04/tvr-cultural-pe-val.html' title='TVR Cultural... pe val'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-1281309356553907937</id><published>2008-04-05T19:10:00.003+03:00</published><updated>2008-04-05T19:13:12.934+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>Attitude is a little thing... semneaza petitia!</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh6.google.com/gyges77/R_ekb1_fqfI/AAAAAAAAAOE/1Tvg_HiNC0Y/Darwin_scoala%5B9%5D.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="border-width: 0px;" alt="Darwin_scoala" src="http://lh4.google.com/gyges77/R_ekcV_fqgI/AAAAAAAAAOM/5jqkYa_i0zo/Darwin_scoala_thumb%5B7%5D.jpg" border="0" height="244" width="244" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a title="http://www.petitieonline.ro/petitie/petitie_impotriva_scoaterii_teoriei_strong_evolutie_strong_i_din_curicula_scolara-p65230041.html" href="http://www.petitieonline.ro/petitie/petitie_impotriva_scoaterii_teoriei_strong_evolutie_strong_i_din_curicula_scolara-p65230041.html"&gt;http://www.petitieonline.ro/petitie/petitie_impotriva_scoaterii_teoriei_strong_evolutie_strong_i_din_curicula_scolara-p65230041.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-1281309356553907937?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/1281309356553907937/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=1281309356553907937' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1281309356553907937'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1281309356553907937'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/04/attitude-is-little-thing.html' title='Attitude is a little thing... semneaza petitia!'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-3251964095509132897</id><published>2008-03-24T20:42:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2008-06-10T12:06:01.730+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>I'm like a monkey when I get tickled</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Incerc sa-mi explic de ce atat de multa lume considera ofensatoare afirmatia potrivit careia omul ar proveni din maimuta. Trec peste faptul ca omul nu a evoluat nici pe departe din maimuta (sa fie oare vorba de cimpanzeu?), ci dintr-un stramos comun. Oare daca in loc de maimuta, am afirma ca omul a evoluat din pasari sau pesti, ofensa ar fi la fel de mare? Ceva ma face sa ma indoiesc. In general maimuta (in limbajul comun, termen uzual pentru cimpanzeu) este vazuta adesea ca o caricatura a omului, de aici si atitudinea ilara fata de ea. Dar de la atitudinea ilara la atitudinea ofensata nu este decat un pas. Ne face placere sa ne amuzam de gesturile ei stangace si ludice, insa in momentul in care se insinueaza ca am fi rude apropiate, reactia este spontana si viscerala. Atitudinea ilara este inlocuita instantaneu cu una de dezgust si ostilitate. Eroarea porneste din prejudecata traditionala conform careia tine de demnitatea omului de a se considera in intregime diferit in natura sa de lumea mineralelor, a plantelor, si in special de lumea animalelor. In definitiv, miza jocului nu este alta decat pozitia omului in marea schema a Naturii. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Dar sa revenim… de ce este mai ofensator faptul de a fi evoluat din maimuta decat faptul de a fi evoluat din Pesti (de exemplu), cu toate ca pe scara evolutiei maimuta este superioara pestilor? De ce maimuta este mai respingatoare decat pestele? Raspunsul este simplu: pentru ca in subconstientul nostru stim ca ne seamana si i ne asemanam. Intreg comportamentul ei ne arata ca maimuta nu este un simplu animal, ea este un animal… uman. Iar daca animalul poate fi uman… atunci si omul poate fi… animal. Vice versa. Iar acest lucru aduce prejudicii pozitiei privilegiate a omului in Natura. In ultima instanta, vrand-nevrand, atitudinea ilara in fata comportamentului unei maimute nu este decat reactia instinctuala de a ne domina propria teama. In felul acesta reusim sa nu ne mai simtim (cel putin pe moment) amenintati in… umanitatea noastra.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-3251964095509132897?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/3251964095509132897/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=3251964095509132897' title='5 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3251964095509132897'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3251964095509132897'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/03/i-like-monkey-when-i-get-tickled.html' title='I&amp;#39;m like a monkey when I get tickled'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>5</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-5654265088025514152</id><published>2008-03-23T11:47:00.007+02:00</published><updated>2008-03-23T18:29:49.619+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='theory of evolution'/><title type='text'>Mitingul de protest al campaniei "Aduceti-l pe Darwin Inapoi in Scoli"</title><content type='html'>&lt;object height="355" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/ZRlII0VLIeI&amp;amp;hl=en"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ZRlII0VLIeI&amp;amp;hl=en" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="355" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object height="355" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/dXU1rRqZodQ"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/dXU1rRqZodQ" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="355" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Sursa: &lt;a href="http://rezistenta.blogspot.com/"&gt;Rezistenta Urbana&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: justify;"&gt;M-a revoltat si in acelasi timp m-a intristat afirmatia crainicei de la Prima TV, care spune la un moment dat ca "omul a evoluat din maimuta". Atrag atentia redactorului stirii respective ca omul a evoluat dintr-un stramos comun cu maimuta, si nu din maimuta. Mi se pare incredibil ca dupa 150 de ani de evolutionism darwinist, in constiinta colectiva inca se mai perpetueaza aceasta eroare puerila si lipsita de logica.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-5654265088025514152?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/5654265088025514152/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=5654265088025514152' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5654265088025514152'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5654265088025514152'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/03/mitingul-de-protest-al-campaniei.html' title='Mitingul de protest al campaniei &quot;Aduceti-l pe Darwin Inapoi in Scoli&quot;'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-2215564472242043879</id><published>2008-03-22T11:49:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2008-03-23T12:12:20.150+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='theory of evolution'/><title type='text'>Quo vadis Teoria Evolutiei?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Cu riscul de a aduce ingerinte dreptului de autor (dar cu convingerea ca in cazul de fata scopul scuza mijloacele), doresc sa va supun atentiei articolul integral al lui Ion Vianu, aparut in &lt;a href="http://www.romanialibera.ro/" target="_blank"&gt;Romania libera&lt;/a&gt;, in data de 5 martie 2008.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Teoria evolutiei&lt;/strong&gt;, acea sinteza geniala propusa de marele naturalist englez Charles Drawin in 1859, care explica originea speciilor prin selectia naturala, a fost scoasa din programa de invatamant liceal a Romaniei de fostul ministru Hardau pentru anul scolar 2008-2009. si nu a fost contrazis de urmatorul ministru, cel actual, dl Adomnitei. In acest fel, Romania devine singura tara din UE in care nu se mai preda explicit teoria darwinista a evolutiei vietuitoarelor.        &lt;br /&gt;Argumentul Ministerului Educatiei si Invatamantului, anume ca teoria evolutiei este predata "implicit" in orele de biologie, nu rezista examenului critic. Caci teoria in chestiune nu este cireasa de pe tort a stiintei, ci ilustratia cea mai vie si mai concludenta a modului de gandire stiintific, bazat pe observatie si experiment. Ea ofera o viziune coerenta si demonstrabila a evolutiei vietii de la primele protoplasme vii pana la aparitia omului.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Trebuie sa admitem ca teoria evolutiei, asa cum o cunoastem azi, nu este vesnica: e propriu oricarei teorii stiintifice sa se transforme sau sa fie inlocuita de alta. Dar scoala, orice scoala, are sarcina sa formeze o gandire stiintifica si care se conduce dupa rationalitate. Pe baza observatiei si a experimentului. Deocamdata nimic nu inlocuieste aceasta teorie.       &lt;br /&gt;Pana si o personalitate care nu poate fi suspectata de ateism, actualul Papa Benedict al XVI-lea, a recunoscut recent ca argumentele teoriei evolutiei sunt adevarate. Papa a remarcat totusi ca darwinismul raspunde la intrebarea "cum?", dar nu si la "de ce?". La cea dintai se refera stiinta; la cea de-a doua, spune Benedict al XVI-lea, religia.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;O privire asupra istoriei stiintei arata ca teoria creationista, sustinuta in special in Statele Unite, in anii de dupa primul razboi modial (vezi faimosul "Proces al maimutelor" in care reclamantii, evanghelici fudamentalisti, cereau ca teoria lui Darwin asupra originii omului sa fie scoasa din scoala), nu a mai rezistat dezvoltarii actuale a stiintei. Crearea Lumii in sapte zile, infatisata in cartea Genezei, nu mai poate fi acceptata de omul modern, fie el credincios sau necredincios (dovada afirmatiile Papei). Acum a aparut, tot in SUA, o teorie mai subtila, aceea a "Proiectului inteligent" ("Intelligent Design"). Conform acestei teorii, pe care o sustin unii oameni de stiinta veniti in special din sanul diverselor confesiuni neoprotestante, complexitatea organismelor vii nu poate veni numai din mutatiile genetice favorabile evolutiei. Ele au la origine un proiect divin (spatiul si cadrul de fata nu ne permit sa intram in amanunte). Adeptii "Intelligent Design" au mers, in 2005, pana la Curtea Federala pentru a impune predarea teoriei lor in scoli. La capatul unei lungi si pasionante dezbateri, unde au fost citati ca martori adepti ai ambelor parti, concluzia a fost ca teoria "Proiectului inteligent" nu intruneste caracterele unei teorii stiintifice (nu este verificabila si falsificabila) si, ca atare, nu poate fi predata in orele de biologie. O discutie similara a avut loc si in Marea Britanie. Aceeasi concluzie s-a impus, anume ca "Proiectul inteligent" nu e o teorie stiintifica, ci o speculatie. S-a tras concluzia totusi, in Anglia, ca ideile propuse sub aceasta eticheta pot fi discutate in orele de educatie religioasa, care fac parte, in Regatul Unit, din programa analitica.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Concluzia care se poate       &lt;br /&gt;desprinde este ca biologia        &lt;br /&gt;impune o anumita metoda si ca elevii trebuie, inainte chiar de a-si insusi continutul stiintei, sa se patrunda de spiritul ei, adica de faptul ca metoda stiintifica se bazeaza pe demonstratii si contrademonstratii. Intrebarile privind cauza originara, scopul Creatiei, nu sunt absurde si nici nelegitime. Pur si simplu, ele nu trebuie predate ca obiect stiintific.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Se vede inca o data ca ceea ce am sustinut si noi, printre altii, in aceste pagini, anume introducerea in scoli a istoriei religiilor (sau, spun acum, a educatiei religioase) in afara optiunilor confesionale, ar fi fost o buna ocazie de a pune la curent elevii cu intrebari, justificate, despre scopul vietii, despre originea ultima a lucrurilor, despre creatia Lumii, ca si despre varietatea punctelor de vedere si a raspunsurilor posibile. (Astfel de problematici pot fi abordate si in cadrul orelor de filosofie.) In locul unui invatamant confesional si facultativ ar fi fost preferabil un program obligatoriu de cunostinte religioase cu caracter general, instructia intr-o anumita religie trebuind sa revina bisericilor de diferite culte. De altfel, predarea religiei la biserica i-ar ajuta pe scolari sa abordeze credinta ca pe un angajament personal, serios. Pe de alta parte, la scoala, elevul trebuie sa evalueze rigoarea metodelor stiintifice, o obligatie la care va fi supus mai tarziu, in viata profesionala.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-2215564472242043879?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/2215564472242043879/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=2215564472242043879' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2215564472242043879'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2215564472242043879'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/03/quo-vadis-teoria-evolutiei_22.html' title='Quo vadis Teoria Evolutiei?'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-1696459641226089266</id><published>2008-02-15T12:40:00.003+02:00</published><updated>2008-02-15T13:01:16.219+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='theory of evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='intelligent design'/><title type='text'>Ratio explicativ</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;De ce este selectia naturala atat de speciala? O idee puternica admite putin pentru a putea explica mult. Depune un efort explicativ considerabil, desi se risipeste putin in presupuneri si postulate. &lt;em&gt;Ratio-ul explicativ&lt;/em&gt; al acesteia, adica ceea ce reuseste sa explice raportat la volumul de presupuneri necesare explicarii, este urias. Este greu de crezut ca cineva va gasi o idee care sa posede o putere de explicare, un ratio explicativ, mai mare decat selectia naturala. Ea explica intreaga lume vie si consecintele acesteia, adica tot ce poseda complexitate. Acesta este &lt;em&gt;numaratorul&lt;/em&gt; fractiei. Insa &lt;em&gt;numitorul&lt;/em&gt; fractiei este suprinzator de mic si de simplu, anume supravietuirea non-aleatorie a genelor in interiorul unui genofond. Avand suficient timp la dispozitie, supravietuirea non-aleatorie a particulelor ereditare va genera complexitate, diversitate si frumusete.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Spre deosebire de selectia naturala, teoria Intelligent Design are un ratio explicativ infim. Numaratorul este identic cu cel al selectiei naturale (tot de tine de complexitatea vietii), insa numitorul este cel putin la fel de mare ca si numaratorul insusi, pe care dorim sa-l explicam, adica o inteligenta suficient de vasta pentru a fi capabila sa explice intreaga  complexitate existenta.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh6.google.com/gyges77/R7Vs9OlEJkI/AAAAAAAAANU/kfbcAYPT3S8/selection_ratio_ratio_explicativ%5B14%5D"&gt;&lt;img style="border: 0px none ;" alt="selection_ratio_ratio_explicativ" src="http://lh5.google.com/gyges77/R7Vs9-lEJlI/AAAAAAAAANc/RFlRbk_Fm0A/selection_ratio_ratio_explicativ_thumb%5B12%5D" border="0" height="249" width="364" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p&gt;(sursa: &lt;a href="http://richarddawkins.net/" target="_blank"&gt;RichardDawkins.net&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-1696459641226089266?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/1696459641226089266/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=1696459641226089266' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1696459641226089266'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1696459641226089266'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/02/ratio-explicativ.html' title='Ratio explicativ'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-5478115599362438341</id><published>2008-02-10T11:46:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-02-11T12:15:53.777+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Parte de... parte</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;ProTv transmis in data de 10 februarie, o editie a emisiunii &lt;em&gt;Parte de carte&lt;/em&gt; cu vadit caracter partizan despre cartea lui Richard Dawkins, tradusa in limba romana, &lt;em&gt;Himera credintei in Dumnezeu&lt;/em&gt;. Nu trebuie sa ne mire partizanatul emisiunii, avand in vadere apartenenta moderatorului. Numai ca ne asteptam, tinand cont de caracterul complex al discutiei, la invitati de calibru mai consistent. In schimb, invitatii au fost destul de modesti. Moderatorul, desi a invocat argumentul &lt;em&gt;political correctness&lt;/em&gt;-ului, a avut grija sa invite "specialisti" aflati de aceeasi parte a baricadei ca si dansul, "prieteni ai religiei", cum se exprima la un moment dat una din invitate. Ar fi fost deontologic sa fi avut un invitat si de cealalta parte a baricadei. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Sub bagheta discreta a moderatorului, retorica emisiunii porneste de la argumente anti-ateiste subtile dar rezonabile, pentru ca spre sfarsit sa se lanseze in sarje explicite la adresa autorului cartii. Moderatorul emisiunii nu a abordat intentionat problemele de fond propuse in carte. In plus, se face confuzie in mod pueril intre ateism si comunism. Pentru ca penibilul sa fie complet, la un moment dat, una din invitate a pus un semn de egalitate intre identitatea nationala si identitatea religioasa, afirmand ca, asa cum nu ne putem dezice de prima, asa nu ne putem dezice nici de ultima. Argumentul trebuie privit nuantat, si nu trebuie trecut cu vederea faptul ca multe conflicte din trecut au avut caracter national, pe langa cele religioase. Respectiva invitata a vrut sa spuna, de fapt, ca &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;nu avem dreptul&lt;/span&gt; sa ne dezicem. Adevarul este ca &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;nu putem&lt;/span&gt;. In realitate, cultura adopta omul si nu invers. Sunt exemple de personalitati (Cioran, Ionesco) care si-au abandonat cultura, aderand la o alta cultura, insa asta nu inseamna ca au si adoptat acea cultura. Nu pentru ca n-ar fi vrut, ci pentru ca nu au putut, nu au fost &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;educati&lt;/span&gt; in acea cultura. Odata nascut si crescut intr-o anumita cultura, faci parte din ea toata viata, indiferent de optiunea personala. Eventual te poate adopta ea pe tine. La fel stau lucrurile si cu religia. Cu mici exceptii, odata crescut si educat intr-o anumita religie, ramai adeptul ei toata viata. Deci un alt argument care s-a formulat, conform caruia exista mai tarziu in viata optiunea de a renunta la o anumita religie, desi ai fost educat in ea, nu ramane in picioare. Se mai afirma ca autorul, fiind biolog, pune accent pe evolutia materiala si neglijeaza evolutia culturala. Invitata care a facut aceasta afirmatie probabil ca nu a auzit de &lt;a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memetic%C4%83"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;memetica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, un domeniu al carui initiator nu este altul decat Richard Dawkins, in &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Gena egoista&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Mai exista prejudecata, formulata mai mult sau mai putin explicit in emisiune, conform careia religia este depozitara tuturor valorilor morale si spirituale. Eu nu am fost educat in spirit religios, insa nu ma simt cu nimic inferior celor care au fost. Din contra.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Personal, urmaresc cu interes emisiunea, si ma asteptam la o abordare mai de calitate si la o pozitie mai impartiala din partea moderatolului, asa cum ne-a obisnuit cu ocazia altor emisiuni.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-5478115599362438341?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/5478115599362438341/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=5478115599362438341' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5478115599362438341'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5478115599362438341'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/02/parte-de-parte_10.html' title='Parte de... parte'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-139598095429358436</id><published>2008-02-05T15:19:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T08:46:12.891+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human evolution'/><title type='text'>Defileul Olduvai, Tanzania, Africa</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R6hil_QAUtI/AAAAAAAAAM8/3H2-yDIqBzY/s1600-h/Olduvai_Olduwai.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R6hil_QAUtI/AAAAAAAAAM8/3H2-yDIqBzY/s400/Olduvai_Olduwai.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5163485377553519314" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"Iar punctul ce ne face-atât de răi,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;pe când roteam așa-n eternii Gemeni,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;întreg îmi apăru din munți si văi."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(Dante Alighieri, &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Divina Comedie&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-139598095429358436?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/139598095429358436/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=139598095429358436' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/139598095429358436'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/139598095429358436'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/02/iar-punctul-ce-ne-face-att-de-ri-pe-cnd.html' title='Defileul Olduvai, Tanzania, Africa'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R6hil_QAUtI/AAAAAAAAAM8/3H2-yDIqBzY/s72-c/Olduvai_Olduwai.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-5744306005121343203</id><published>2008-01-30T16:49:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T08:46:13.172+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='creationism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='intelligent design'/><title type='text'>Adevarul despre paianjeni</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt;   &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;"Dacă ne uităm cu atenţie la o pânză &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;de păianjen, constatăm că este alcătuită din două tipuri de fire: unele mai goase şi nelipicioase, care alcătuiesc un fel de schelet al pânzei şi între ele altele mai subţiri şi lipicioase. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Cele dou&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;ă tipuri de fire au două roluri distincte: pe cele groase se deplasează păianjenul pentru a nu se prinde în propria plasă, iar cele lipicioase capturează prada. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Teoria evoluţionistă susţine că ani&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;malele evoluează treptat, deci cele două tipuri de fire ar fi trebuit să apară pe rând. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Numai că în cazul în care &lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;ar fi apărut mai întâi firele lipicioase, păianjenul s-ar fi prins în propria plasă, iar în cazul în c&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;are ar fi apărut mai întâi firele nelipicioase, ar fi murit de foame pentru că nu ar fi putut prinde alte insecte. În ambele cazuri, vedem că păianjenul nu ar fi putut supravieţui pentru a evolua ulterio&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;r spre alte forme.&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Aşadar, păianjenul trebuie să fi fost capabil de la început să secrete ambele tipuri de fire, ceea&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; ce contrazice teoria evoluţionistă şi confirmă faptul că speciile au fost create de un Creator inteligent, care le-a dotat cu tot ce le era necesar pentru a trăi."&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt;    &lt;p align="right"&gt;&lt;em&gt;(&lt;a href="http://www.creationism.info.ro/"&gt;www.c&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.creationism.info.ro/"&gt;reationism.info.ro&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Inca o data sa face apel la Complexitatea Ireductibila. Inca o data lucrurile sunt privite din punct de vedere al produsului finit, si nu din punct de vedere evolutiv. Nu se tine seama de faptul ca structura de astazi este diferita de structura primordiala deoarece, in timp, parti din ea au fost indepartate. Un arc din piatra este aparent de o complexitate ireductibila deoarece fara cheia de bolta s-ar prabusi. La randul ei, cheia de bolta s-ar prabusi fara restul structurii. Si cu toate acestea, arcul a fost ridicat treptat, piatra cu piatra, sustinuta de schela, care insa nu mai face parte din constructia finita, fiind indepartata la terminarea constructiei. In natura lucrurile se petrec in mod analog. Priviti imaginea de mai jos. Formatiunea naturala din imagine este aparent de complexitate ireductibila, asemanator arcului din piatra. Cu toate acestea, nu ne este greu sa ne imaginam cum s-a putut forma. Arcul din piatra nu a devenit ireductibil complex decat in momentul in care i s-a indepartat &lt;em&gt;esafodajul&lt;/em&gt;. Formatiunea din imagine nu a devenit ireductibil complexa decat in momentul in care elementele naturale au erodat partea din mijloc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R6CR4fQAUrI/AAAAAAAAAMs/sv1QYJ0Sh-8/s1600-h/arc_arch.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R6CR4fQAUrI/AAAAAAAAAMs/sv1QYJ0Sh-8/s400/arc_arch.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5161285572613919410" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;In cazul panzei de paianjen lucrurile se petrec in mod foarte asemanator. Asa-numita complexitate ireductibila este doar consecinta &lt;em&gt;capacitatii noastre limitate de a vedea cum lucreaza evolutia in timp&lt;/em&gt;. Studiind formele ancestrale, ne putem da seama cum a functionat structura respectiva in trecut, si cum a putut lua nastere. Nu toti paianjenii de astazi tes panze lipicioase pe care le expun in aer. Multe specii traiesc in galerii sapate in pamant, si impanzesc intrarea in galerie cu o retea fina de fire nelipicioase, aflate in legatura cu paianjenul. Scopul acestei panze nu este sa prinda prada, ci doar sa informeze paianjenul cand o potentiala prada trece prin fata galeriei, moment in care tasneste afara si o captureaza. Deci iata ca chiar si o panza nelipicioasa poate fi utila. Se banuieste ca panzele aeriene lipicioase au evoluat din acest tip ancestral.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Exista si specii de paianjeni care nu tes deloc panza. Se banuieste ca, la origine, paianjenii foloseau panza doar la fabricarea coconului cu care infasoara ponta, tinand cont de faptul ca toti paianjenii de astazi fac acest lucru. Numai ulterior a ajuns sa dobandeasca, la unele specii, functia de capturare a prazii. Exista multe alte functii ale panzei, unele dintre ele fiind dependente de sex. De exemplu, masculii folosesc panza pentru a transfera sperma de la orificiile genitale la organele copulatorii.&lt;/p&gt;      &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Unele utilizari sunt de-a dreptul ingenioase si predispun la concluzii teleologice de genul complexitatii ireductibile. De exemplu, genul &lt;em&gt;Mastophora&lt;/em&gt; produce un singur fir de panza la capatul careia atarna o picatura de secretie lipicioasa, cu care prinde insectele din zbor. In plus, ea mai secreta si un feromon cu care atrage insectele. Un adept al complexitatii ireductibile ar spune ca picatura fara panza nu-si are nici un rost, iar panza fara picatura este inutila. In realitate, lucrurile au evoluat gradual. Imaginati-va un paianjen cu o panza normala, lipicioasa. Dupa intrarea in scena a feromonului, care atragea prada in cantitate mare, panza lipicioasa a devenit redundanta si a fost simplificata la un singur fir, cu o picatura lipicioasa la capat. Deci feromonul, care initial a fost doar o modalitate de eficientizare a capturarii prazii, si nu un element absolut necesar, &lt;em&gt;a devenit&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;treptat indispensabil&lt;/em&gt;, odata cu simplificarea panzei.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R6CSafQAUsI/AAAAAAAAAM0/7bpLEX84JaY/s1600-h/bolas_spider.gif"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R6CSafQAUsI/AAAAAAAAAM0/7bpLEX84JaY/s400/bolas_spider.gif" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5161286156729471682" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-5744306005121343203?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/5744306005121343203/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=5744306005121343203' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5744306005121343203'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5744306005121343203'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/01/adevarul-despre-paianjeni.html' title='Adevarul despre paianjeni'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R6CR4fQAUrI/AAAAAAAAAMs/sv1QYJ0Sh-8/s72-c/arc_arch.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6715916716312430538</id><published>2008-01-27T12:26:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-27T12:49:10.582+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='theory of evolution'/><title type='text'>Este evolutia falsificabila?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Nu-mi propun aici sa dezbat legitimitatea falsificationismului, ci doar sa supun analizei daca evolutia si teoria evolutiei sunt falsificabile sau nu. Unul din argumentele preferate ale teistilor este acela ca evolutia nu este falsificabila, drept urmare nu poate fi considerata o teorie &lt;em&gt;stiintifica&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Falsificabilitatea este un concept introdus in filosofia stiintei de catre Karl Popper. El statueaza ca o afirmatie poate fi considerata falsificabila atunci cand exista (sau se pot imagina) o observatie, un test sau o predictie in interiorul domeniului care, odata confirmate, ar demonstra ca afirmatia respectiva este falsa. Falsificabilitatea este un criteriu pentru a aprecia daca o afirmatie, o lege, sau o teorie este stiintifica sau nu. Daca este falsificabila, atunci este stiintifica. Daca nu este falsificabila, atunci nu este stiintifica. O teorie stiintifica care nu este infirmabila de nici un eveniment stiintific posibil, nu este stiintifica. In fapt orice test efectuat asupra unei teorii are ca rezultat falsificarea sau infirmarea teoriei ca fiind stiintifica. Cu toate acestea, trebuie accentuat faptul ca Popper considera falsificabilitatea nu ca pe un criteriu al adevarului, si doar ca pe un criteriu al caracterului stiintific. Cu alte cuvinte, o afirmatie poate sa nu fie stiintifica (deci sa nu fie falsificabila), dar poate sa fie adevarata. Tentativa de a falsifica o teorie poate fi privita si ca un gedankenexperiment, un experiment mintal.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Un exemplu de afirmatie falsificabila este, de pilda, "toate lebedele sunt albe". Afirmatia este falsificabila deoarece, daca s-ar descoperi numai o singura lebada neagra, atunci afirmatia ar fi infirmata (falsificata). "Este bine a-i ajuta pe ceilalti la nevoie" este in schimb o afirmatie nefalsificabila (ca majoritatea afirmatiilor ce tin de etica), deci nestiintifica. Dar asta nu inseamna ca n-are valoare de adevar.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Au fost imaginate numeroare cai de a falsifica teoria evolutiei. Iata cateva:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ol&gt;   &lt;li&gt;     &lt;div align="justify"&gt;Descoperirea de fosile de iepuri in Precambrian, ar demonta complet teoria evolutiei. Pana in prezent nici unul nu s-a descoperit&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;    &lt;li&gt;     &lt;div align="justify"&gt;Generatia spontana (aparitia spontana de forme de viata, gata formate)&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;    &lt;li&gt;     &lt;div align="justify"&gt;Depozite fosilifere statice&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;    &lt;li&gt;     &lt;div align="justify"&gt;Himere adevarate (organisme analoage centaurilor sau sirenelor) a caror aparitie nu poate fi explicata prin transfer lateral de gene sau simbioza&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;    &lt;li&gt;     &lt;div align="justify"&gt;Absenta fosilelor hominide. Cand Darwin a scris &lt;em&gt;Originea speciilor,&lt;/em&gt; nu se descoperisera inca fosile de prehominizi. Daca nu s-ar fi descoperit nici ulterior, atunci teoria lui Darwin ar fi fost falsificata&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;    &lt;li&gt;     &lt;div align="justify"&gt;Dovada ca balenele, oamenii, cangurii si crabii au aparut toti in acelasi timp&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;    &lt;li&gt;     &lt;div align="justify"&gt;Lipsa formelor de tranzitie. Teoria evolutiei anticipeaza descoperirea de verigi (forme de tranzitie) intre formele deja descoperite. Cea mai noua veriga descoperita (si anticipata) este Tiktaalik&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;    &lt;li&gt;     &lt;div align="justify"&gt;Daca nu ar exista diferente semnificative intre fauna si flora din erele si perioadele geologice sau din regiuni geografice care au fost separate pentru o lunga perioada de timp&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;    &lt;li&gt;     &lt;div align="justify"&gt;Daca s-ar dovedi ca Pamantul are o vechime de 6000 de ani&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/li&gt;    &lt;li&gt;     &lt;div align="justify"&gt;Inexistenta unui mecanism de transmitere a informatiei de la parinti la descendenti, evolutia depinzand de acest mecanism. Cand Darwin a formulat teoria evolutiei, inca nu se descoperise ADN-ul, ceea ce demonstreaza puterea predictiva a acesteia&lt;/div&gt;   &lt;/li&gt; &lt;/ol&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Faptul ca in teoria evolutiei mai persista inca elemente nelamurite (ca in orice stiinta de altfel) se explica prin faptul ca orice stiinta este incompleta prin definitie. Ea ridica intotdeauna mai multe probleme decat poate rezolva in prezent. In asta consta de fapt si fecunditatea ei. &lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Exista o conceptie naiva a falsificabilitatii conform careia oridecateori descoperim date care nu sunt sustinute de o anumita ipoteza, sau nu intra in tiparul anticipat de acea ipoteza, atunci trebuie sa renuntam si la intreaga teorie din spatele ipotezei. De exemplu, asta ar insemna ca daca s-ar constata ca altruimul animalelor eusociale nu se datoreaza &lt;em&gt;selectiei de rudenie&lt;/em&gt;, atunci am fi obligati sa renuntam la insasi conceptul de altruism, in loc sa cautam raspunsul intr-o alta ipoteza, de exemplu &lt;em&gt;selectia de grup&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Acest mod de abordare contravine insasi structurii epistemologiei stiintifice. Aceasta spune ca, oridecateori observatia anticipata de catre ipoteza nu este gasita, trebuie ori sa reevaluam ipoteza respectiva, ori sa reevaluam intreaga teorie din spatele ei. In general problemele de acest gen, perfect normale in cercetarea stiintifica, sunt rezolvate prin modificarea ipotezei, teoria ramanad in picioare.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Acesta este si cazul teoriei evolutiei. Cercetarea in cadrul ei nu-si propune sa supuna testarii (falsificarii) intreaga teorie, ci numai ipoteze si teorii particulare, care apoi pot sau nu sa sustina teoria generala.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6715916716312430538?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6715916716312430538/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6715916716312430538' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6715916716312430538'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6715916716312430538'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/01/este-evolutia-falsificabila.html' title='Este evolutia falsificabila?'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-5241463590865226227</id><published>2008-01-24T16:58:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-26T08:54:36.917+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='theory of evolution'/><title type='text'>Matematica din spatele evolutiei</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;La sugestia unui &lt;a href="http://evolutionism.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"&gt;coleg de breasla&lt;/a&gt; din blogosfera romaneasca, am decis sa traduc si sa public un text pe care il gasiti in original la urmatoarea adresa:  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://science.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=156877&amp;amp;cid=13153263"&gt;http://science.slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=156877&amp;amp;cid=13153263&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Cum politica mea este sa nu public ceva cu care nu sunt de acord, marturisesc ca era cat pe ce sa abandonez de doua ori pe parcurs. O data cand mi s-a parut a se sugera ca mutageneza si selectia ar fi separate si decalate in timp. Ulterior autorul a specificat ca cele doua sunt simultane (probabil ca a sesizat si el confuzia). Si a doua oara cand mi s-a parut a se sugera ca organismele, sau mai degraba populatiile, ar cunoaste apriori care combinatii de gene sunt favorabile si care nu.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;"Exista un puternic substrat matematic in spatele procesului de evolutie, substrat care insa nu permeaza discursurile uzuale despre evolutie. Conceptia comun intalnita este aceea a unei secvente de mutatii individuale benefice, asemenea urcarii unei scari. Daca intr-adevar asa ar sta lucrurile, atunci detractorii evolutiei ar avea dreptate. Atunci ar fi imposibil, din punct de vedere matematic, ca evolutia sa produca incredibila complexitate pe care o vedem astazi.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Pentru a demonstra puternicul substrat matematic al evolutiei, voi incepe prin a abandona metafora “urcarii scarii” prin mutatii benefice. De fapt, haideti chiar sa consideram ca fiecare mutatie care are loc este fie neutra, fie daunatoare. Voi demonstra puternicul mecanism matematic al evolutiei in actiune.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Un punct de pornire ar putea fi afirmatia comuna a creationistilor potrivit careia mutatiile si evolutia “nu pot crea informatie”. In prima faza a mutagenezei, au dreptate. Cand are loc o mutatie, aceasta introduce zgomot, deci tinde sa degradeze informatia existenta. Dar priviti ce se intampla in momentul in care mutatia este transmisa mai departe unui urmas. Mutatia respectiva inceteaza sa mai constituie zgomot. Ea poarta o unitate mica de informatie. Poarta o mica eticheta pe care scrie “aceasta este o mutatie non-fatala”. Prezenta acestei mutatii la urmas este o piesa noua de informatie creata. In timp, populatia isi construieste o LIBRARIE de mutatii non-fatale. Aceasta constituie o vasta acumulare de informatie noua.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Aceasta informatie sufera inca si mai multe prelucrari si sinteze. De-a lungul generatiilor, mutatiile se vor multiplica, insa noi presupunem ca nu avem mutatii benefice. Cu toate acestea, chiar si mutatiile neutre vor avea tendinta de a se multiplica si acumula. Mutatiile in mica masura daunatoare se vor multiplica si acumula si ele, dar in grad mai scazut. Mutatiile moderat daunatoare se vor acumula chiar si ele, iar mutatiile foarte daunatoare, dar non-fatale se vor multiplica si acumula cel mai putin. Deci, nu numai ca ajungem sa construim o librarie de mutatii non-fatale, dar mutatiile ajung sa fie etichetate cu o anumita frecventa corespunzatore procentului din populatie purtator al acelor mutatii. Fiecare mutatie reprezinta acum o masura. Fiecare mutatie este purtatoare a unei etichete cu raportul costuri/beneficii la nivel de populatie. Cele mai favorabile au un procent mare de reprezentare, in timp ce cele mai daunatoare au un procent apropiat de zero. Libraria noastra contine acum un volum voloros si sofisticat de informatie nou creata.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Indivizii din populatie vor fi purtatori ai unei incarcaturi relativ stabile de mutatii daunatoare, o reflectare a “costului” datorat acestora. Indivizii impovarati cu un cost mai mare decat media vor muri, eliminand astfel din populatie un procent mai mare decat media de mutatii daunatoare, si impingand astfel media in sus, iar indivizii impovarati cu un cost mai mic decat media se vor inmulti, impingand de asemenea in sus media. Efectul purificator al selectiei care indeparteaza incarcatura daunatoare din genofond va creste astfel incat sa fie la nivelul daunei produse de catre mutatia respectiva. Mutatiile daunatoare vor fi eliminate pe masura ce sunt adaugate prin mutageneza. Mutatiile neutre se vor acumula constant in librarie, in timp ce mutatiile negative vor ramane la un nivel relativ scazut, limitat de costul fiecareia. Unele mutatii vor disparea, in timp ce altele noi vor aparea.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Adevarata putere in evolutie o constituie recombinarea. Fiecare urmas detine o combinatie aleatorie de mutatii din librarie. Fiecare urmas este un subiect de test in cautarea unei combinatii benefice de mutatii. Sa presupunem ca un individ poseda un milion de mutatii intamplatoare in codul sau genetic. Asta inseamna 500.000.000.000 de perechi de mutatii care sunt testate simultan si in paralel doar in cazul individului respectiv. Poate ca una din cele un milion este o mutatie care determina secretia unei toxine, iar alta determina modificarea porilor din piele. Fiecare mutatie in parte poate fi daunatoare, insa combinarea celor doua poate fi benefica in protectia in fata pradatorilor.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Exista 160.000.000.000.000.000 de triplete mutante. Fiecare individ testeaza aceste triplete in paralel. Una din mutatii poate determina o toxina anume, o alta poate determina cresterea fatala a nivelului toxinei (ceea ce ar constitui o fundatura evolutiva), iar o a treia ar putea determina o costisitoare si in mod normal complet nefolositoare antitoxina. Insa tripletul este un progres: fie un puternic mijloc de aparare in fata pradatorilor, fie arma pentru un pradator, fie ambele simultan.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;In acelasi timp, fiecare indivit testeaza 40.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 cvadruplete de mutatii in paralel. Desi cele 4 mutatii pot produce individual proteine si enzime nefolositoare, combinarea lor impreuna poate da nastere la un tub digestiv revolutionar.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Totodata fiecare individ testeaza un numar aproape infinit de mutatii pentuplete sau sextuplete si asa mai departe. Fiecare individ testeaza un numar cvasi-infinit de posibilitati, si o face in paralel si gratuit. Acest fenomen se numeste paralelism implicit, si multiplica la nivel astronomic puterea evolutiei de a cauta inovatii.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Un alt aspect pe care l-am amintit, dar nu l-am tratat suficient, este acela ca fiecare mutatie este prezenta in populatie cu o anumita frecventa, masura costuri/beneficii aferenta acelei mutatii. Cand ai in obiectiv un model de cautare cat mai eficient, tinzi sa minimizezi efortul inutil, sa minimizezi costurile si sa maximizezi profitul invesititiei, relativ la resurse. Fiecare urmas este o investitie de resurse, un efort supus testarii. Cand investesti resursele urmarind un profit, cauti sa-ti consumi cea mai mare parte a efortului asupra mutatiilor care s-au dovedit cele mai profitabile in trecut, si efortul cel mai mic asupra mutatiilor cvasi-fatale. Vrei sa testezi combinatii de mutatii favorabile, si aproape niciodata nu te vei deranja sa testezi o combinatie de mutatii cvasi-fatale, care probabil vor duce la moartea urmasilor si la pierderea investitiei. Cu toate aceastea, vei vrea sa testezi din cind in cand o combinatie de mutatii cvasi-fatale, deoarece ar putea rezulta intr-o inovatie favorabila, iar rasplata ar fi pe masura. In matematica, aceasta investitie de efort si acest model de cautare au fost deja studiate, descoperindu-se un model matematic de optimizare. Printr-o coincidenta sau nu, acelasi model matematic optim de cautare a fost constatat si in cazul populatiilor. Acestea investesc mult efort si multi urmasi testand cele mai bune mutatii si combinatii de mutatii. Insa cand este vorba de mutatii mai mult sau mai putin daunatoare, frecventa investitiei este optimizata pe masura riscului, nici mai mult, nici mai putin. La toate nivelurile, mutatiile sunt testate proportional cu costul masurat impus gazdei.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Deci evolutia poseda un multiplicator aproape infinit in puterea sa de cautare si isi investeste efortul de cautare in modul cel mai optim si mai eficient. Este un aspect matematic profund care rareori apare in explicatiile legate de evolutie.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Un alt aspect este acela ca, odata descoperita o mutatie sau o combinatie favorabila, evolutia incepe sa caute in vasta librarie de gene non-fatale. Cele mai multe combinatii noi vor avea probabil efecte secundare nedorite. O pereche de membre se pot transforma intr-o modalitate eficienta de a procura o sursa noua de hrana, sau sa devina total non-functionale. Evolutia cauta mai departe in librarie dupa mutatii care sa imbunatateasca noul organ, sau mutatii care sa poata ameliora eventualele disfunctii.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Rareori evolutia este o simpla ascensiune pe scara a mutatiilor benefice. Evolutia este un sistem de prelucrare a informatiei, care construieste vaste baze de date pentru a putea realiza masuratori complexe asupra lor. Aceste masuratori vor fi apoi folosite pentru a descoperi si imbunatati.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="font-style: italic;" align="justify"&gt;Tot ce s-a spus se potriveste in intregime cu teoria echilibrului punctat. Pe parcursul fazei linistite, libraria acumuleaza noi mutatii si masoara mutatiile intr-un anumit procent de populatie. Iar atunci cand se produce o potrivire favorabila intre mutatii sau are loc o schimbare favorabila in mediu, evolutia demareaza. Sondeaza baza de date in cautarea de noi contributori la ceea ce exista deja, pentru a spori gradul de adaptabilitate. De asemenea sunt remasurate si frecventele celorlalte mutatii pentru a reevalua raportul costuri/beneficii in noile conditii create. Acest lucru nu numai ca poate schimba radical frecventele genelor si mutatiilor din populatie, dar poate cu usurinta stimula descoperirea de noi inovatii independente. Daca populatia sufera o presiune selectiva puternica, daca cea mai mare parte a ei este decimata sau dislocata, atunci genofondul ajunge sa fie fragmentat si el. Mare parte din libraria acumulata ajunge sa fie stearsa odata cu majoritatea populatiei. Cu o librarie fragmentata, populatia se va schimba si va progresa putin. Dar libraria sa va reface in timp, prin acumularea de noi mutatii."&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;(traducere proprie)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-5241463590865226227?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/5241463590865226227/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=5241463590865226227' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5241463590865226227'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5241463590865226227'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/01/matematica-din-spatele-evolutiei.html' title='Matematica din spatele evolutiei'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6428074801554554023</id><published>2008-01-22T21:15:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T08:46:13.318+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='funny'/><title type='text'>Atentie! Drum cu ramificatii...</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R5ZBLTwhwqI/AAAAAAAAAMk/BOD6zSvkp1M/s1600-h/evolution_sign.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R5ZBLTwhwqI/AAAAAAAAAMk/BOD6zSvkp1M/s400/evolution_sign.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5158382085737661090" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6428074801554554023?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6428074801554554023/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6428074801554554023' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6428074801554554023'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6428074801554554023'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/01/atentie-drum-cu-ramificatii_22.html' title='Atentie! Drum cu ramificatii...'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/R5ZBLTwhwqI/AAAAAAAAAMk/BOD6zSvkp1M/s72-c/evolution_sign.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6382880053049337729</id><published>2008-01-21T23:43:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-25T16:54:00.958+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='creationism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='intelligent design'/><title type='text'>Adevarul despre ciocanitori</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Se vehiculeaza pe internet, atat pe &lt;a href="http://www.creationism.org/heinze/Woodpecker.htm"&gt;pagini creationiste straine&lt;/a&gt;, cat si pe unele pagini omoloage in limba romana, o teorie potrivit careia limba ciocanitorei ( cel putin a unei anumite specii) ar intruni conditiile necesare asa-numitei &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreducible_complexity"&gt;complexitati ireductibile&lt;/a&gt;. Cu alte cuvinte, potrivit sursei, nu exista posibilitatea ca ea sa fi aparut prin evolutie darwiniana, ci doar prin &lt;i&gt;Intelligent Design&lt;/i&gt;. Reproduc mai jos textul, intitulat &lt;i&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.creationism.org/romanian/woodpecker_ro.htm"&gt;Cine a creat ciocanitorile?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/i&gt;, asa cum apare el pe varianta in limba romana a paginii &lt;a href="http://www.creationism.org/"&gt;www.creationism.org&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote style="font-style: italic;"&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;"Dr. Luther Sunderland, om de ştiinţă expert în inginerie de produs, a fost fascinat de scheletul unei ciocănitori pe care l-a găsit în pădure. Oasele fuseseră curăţate de insecte. Pe când examina scheletul a observat un lucru foarte ciudat: oase mici flexibile ieşeau din nara dreaptă a ciocănitoarei, mergeau prin spate în jurul capului şi gâtului şi intrau în cioc pe cealaltă parte a capului. Ce erau aceste oase ciudate? Multe animale au oase care întăresc baza limbii, iar acesta e scopul oaselor mici din limba ciocănitoarei (numite oase hioide). La ciocănitoare, în schimb, faptul că limba începe pe din dos şi merge prin spatele capului e excepţional! &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Limba ciocănitoarei&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Ciocănitoarea prinde hrana cu limba care are cârlige mici şi lipici la vârf, ca să poată prinde viermii ascunşi prin copaci. Faptul că limba trece prin spatele capului şi gâtului sub pielea moale îi conferă o şi mai mare putere astfel încât poate pătrunde 15 cm în vizuina viermelui aflată în interiorul trunchiului de copac! &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Ceva sau cineva a creat limba ciocănitoarei într-un mod unic. E lungă, dar în loc să atârne şi să se încurce printre crengi atunci când ciocănitoarea zboară, limba e ţinută sub pielea moale în spatele gâtului. Acolo în spate, oasele mici se împart în două limbi, care se reunesc înainte să intre în cioc. Acest detaliu cu siguranţă oferă o şi mai mare acurateţe întrucât ciocănitoarea îşi îndreaptă limba direct spre vierme. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Craniul unei ciocănitori (în dreapta)&lt;br /&gt;ce arată oasele limbii&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Sunt cinci oase, subţiri şi flexibile cu mici încheieturi.&lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;/b&gt;Ce le-a făcut să iasă prin nara dreaptă şi să-şi fixeze membrana acolo, &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; să meargă în jurul capului şi gâtului &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt;, apoi să iasă înapoi prin scobitura dintre cele două jumătăţi ale ciocului? &lt;b&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;img src="http://www.creationism.org/romanian/Woodpecker1.gif" height="300" width="276" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;1. mici incheieturi 2. inradacinata in&lt;br /&gt;nara dreapta 4. patrunde in cioc&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Evoluţie?&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Potrivit teoriei evoluţionismului, începând de la o singură celulă fiecare pas a fost provocat prin acumularea gradată de schimbări mici care au apărut prin erori în urma copierii informaţiei care direcţionează construirea fiinţelor vii. Evoluţioniştii susţin că aceste greşeli, numite mutaţii, au apărut datorită unui accident, adică, fără nici o direcţionare inteligentă făcută de Dumnezeu. Greşelile în copierea informaţiei nu au ca rezultat instrucţii mai bune pentru a crea fiinţe mai complexe. De aceea tehnicienii care lucrează cu raze-X se protejează folosind apărătoare sau halate din plumb. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Evoluţioniştii, totuşi, cred că mutaţiile gradual au creat biologi din bacterii, sau Adam a fost făcut dintr-o amibă. Ei cred că pe parcursul a milioane de ani, selecţia naturală a selectat organismele cu mutaţii care adaugă puţin capacităţii creaturii de a supravieţui şi de a lăsa urmaşi, iar cei cu mutaţii dăunătoare mor. Motivul pentru care ei cred că schimbările iau foarte mult timp e că majoritatea mutaţiilor reprezintă schimbări întâmplătoare în comanda de a face proteine, acestea fiind ingredientele principale ale celulelor. Proteinele minuscule sunt şiruri lungi de aminoacizi. Aproape toate mutaţiile sunt dăunătoare, aşa că organismele care supravieţuiesc sunt în general acelea cu mutaţii care schimbă doar un aminoacid într-o proteină. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Întrucât chiar şi un organ simplu precum limba e format din foarte multe proteine, celule nervoase, vase de sânge, etc. care trebuie să fie perfect coordonate, e foarte dificil să-ţi imaginezi schimbări ale unui aminoacid într-o proteină care pe urmă să ducă la formarea unui organ. De ce să nu afirmi atunci că un mănunchi de mutaţii au influenţat osul, muşchiul, nervii, etc. toate în acelaşi timp? Pentru că aproape toate mutaţiile sunt dăunătoare. Dacă ai avea un mănunchi de mii de mutaţii, iar una dintre ele ar ajuta, celelalte sute ar provoca boli genetice care ar anula întregul organism. Insistând că Dumnezeu nu a făcut nimic, iar mutaţiile accidentale au produs totul, evoluţionişii s-au pus singuri la colţ, neavând nici o explicaţie decentă pentru originea oricărui organ complex. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Evoluţioniştii presupun că ciocănitoarea trebuie să fi evoluat dintr-o altă pasăre care avea limba normală ce ieşea direct din cioc. Scenariul mutaţiei, totuşi, niciodată n-ar fi putut face ca limba normală a unei păsări să evolueze în limba ciocănitoarei. De ce? După ce &lt;u&gt;limba normală a unei păsări s-ar fi întors şi ar fi început să crească sub piele înspre spatele capului&lt;b&gt; &lt;/b&gt;(1)&lt;/u&gt;, limba ar fi fost cu totul inutilă până ar fi completat tot circuitul. Numai ultimul pas în evoluţia limbii ciocănitoarei, când a ieşit prin cioc, ar fi avut valoare de supravieţuire. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;După ce limba &lt;u&gt;ar fi ieşit pe o nară şi ar fi început să crească prin spatele capului (1)&lt;/u&gt; i-ar fi conferit păsării un mare dezavantaj în ce priveşte supravieţuirea până în momentul când limba şi oasele ar fi crescut suficient de lungi ca să meargă în tot jurul capului, înapoi la baza ciocului, şi să se întindă suficient de mult ca să ajungă la hrană. Întrucât acest lucru implică oase, încheieturi, vase de sânge, nervi şi piele, ar fi fost nevoie de multe mutaţii, care s-ar fi întins pe o perioadă de milioane de ani. N-ar fi putut prinde nimic cu limba pe parcursul milioanelor de ani de care ar fi nevoie pentru a încheia cercul în jurul capului, schimbând pe rând un aminoacid într-o proteină. Aşadar fără limba care o ajută să-şi obţină hrana, în lupta supravieţuirii ciocănitoarea ar fi fost într-un mare dezavantaj în comparaţie cu păsările normale. Adăugând două încheieturi şi 2,5 cm în lungime, de exemplu, nu i-ar fi conferit vreun avantaj ca să supravieţuiască dacă limba creştea în direcţia greşită. Prin urmare, acest fel de mutaţii nu s-ar fi păstrat niciodată. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Limba ciocănitoarei trebuie să fi apărut dintr-odată, e produsul unui design complex. Pentru aşa ceva e nevoie de un creator inteligent. Dacă limba ciocănitoarei n-ar fi fost special creată, ci s-ar fi format prin mutaţii întâmplătoare, ar fi avut loc numai primele mutaţii care ar fi mişcat limba în nara dreaptă şi ar fi îndreptat-o înspre spatele capului. Ulterior pasărea ar fi murit de foame. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Evoluţioniştii ne spun că un organ care, generaţie după generaţie, nu e folosit va fi eliminat, chiar dacă animalele continuă să trăiască. Dacă, prin vreun miracol, ciocănitoarele nu ar fi fost eliminate, o limbă care ar fi fost inutilă de-a lungul multor generaţii, ar fi fost eliminată. Limba ciocănitoarei oferă dovezi clare că e produsul unui design şi a unei creaţii inteligente, şi nu a evoluţiei. Unii evoluţionişti şi-au dat seama şi au născocit o altă poveste despre cum ar fi evoluat limba. Când mi s-a spus prima dată această poveste, într-un email, mi s-a părut o sugestie atât de imposibilă încât eram sigur că nu înţelesesem eu bine, aşa că am tot întrebat până a fost foarte clar că într-adevăr aşa ceva sugera respectivul. &amp;lt;/PACEASTĂ&amp;gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Când în sfârşit m-am obişnuit cu ciudatul scenariu, am văzut cum pentru un evoluţionist aşa ceva era posibil întrucât el avea atât de multă credinţă în teoria evoluţiei încât trebuia să creadă că totul a apărut în urma selecţiei naturale care s-a manifestat prin mutaţii întâmplătoare. La o adică, dacă limba se întinde tot mai mult afară din cioc pătrunde mai adânc în trunchiul copacilor, şi cu cât ciocănitoarea mănâncă mai multe larve, cu atât mai mulţi pui are. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Atunci mi-a picat fisa! Teoria neglijează să menţioneze că primii 2 cm rădăcina limbii trebuia să se mişte în direcţie greşită! Evoluţioniştii susţin că limba ciocănitoarei a început să crească fiind invers înrădăcinată în gât, aşa cum era la celelalte păsări întrucât ei susţin că ciocănitoarea a evoluat dintr-o pasăre oarecare. Singurul mod prin care rădăcina limbii putea să iasă pe o parte a ciocului era să crească înainte din locul în care se afla, şi anume adânc în gât. Primii doi centimetri s-au mişcat înainte, nu înapoi! Întrucât, în scenariul pe care ei l-au inventat, mişcarea rădăcinii limbii înapoi creşte probabilitatea ca ciocănitoarea să fie aleasă prin selecţie naturală, atunci mişcarea înainte din spatele gâtului înspre punctul în care iese prin deschizătura din spatele ciocului micşorează şansele ca ciocănitoarea să fie aleasă. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Dacă, pe de altă parte, mişcarea înainte făcea ca limba să iasă tot mai mult prin cioc astfel mărind şansele de supravieţuire, atunci mişcarea limbii înapoi ar fi micşorat şansele de supravieţuire. Argumentarea că limba ciocănitoarei a devenit ceea ce e azi e pentru că rădăcina limbii a crescut întâi în jurul capului se contrazice pe sine şi e greşită din punct de vedere logic. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Şi totuşi lucrurile se înrăutăţesc. După ce a crescut în jurul gâtului, potrivit teoriei evoluţioniste, rădăcina s-a băgat din nou în cioc prin nară. De ce ar face asta? Dacă lungirea limbii a mărit şansele de supravieţuire, păsările cu limbi care continuau să se lungească mişcându-se pe sub piele în jos spre pântece, coadă sau picior, ar fi fost alese prin selecţie naturală. Păsările a căror evoluţie a limbii s-a oprit la jumătate şi a intrat în cioc prin nară ar fi fost eliminate. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Ambele scenarii evoluţioniste, mişcarea înainte şi înapoi a limbii ciocănitoarei, au drept rezultat absurdităţi şi eliminarea prin selecţie naturală. Limba ciocănitoarei e dovadă puternic grăitoare a faptului că a fost creată. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Alte sisteme&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Ciocul ciocănitoarei funcţionează ca o daltă profesionistă, în stare să taie direct prin copac. Dând cu ciocanul într-o daltă de oţel, omul cizeleacă trunchiul copacului, la fel ciocănitoarea cizelează cu ciocul ei. Totuşi pe măsură ce dăltuim, lama se toceşte. După ce cizelăm mult cu dalta, trebuie să o ascuţim. Altfel se toceşte tot mai mult şi devine inutilizabilă. Dumnezeu a făcut ca ciocul ciocănitoarei să se ascută singur. Dacă ar fi un lucru minor care s-ar putea întâmpla prin mici schimbări accidentale, vreun fierar sau om de ştiinţă într-ale metalurgiei ar fi ştiut cum să facă dalte din oţel care se ascut singure. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Dacă omul ar încerca să prindă larve, aşa cum face ciocănitoarea, oricât de ascuţită şi-ar ţine dalta, nu ar şti în ce direcţie să o ia ca să pătrundă în cotloanele unde sunt larvele. Până când ciocănitoarea ar fi obţinut mecanismul complex de a localiza şi prinde larva minusculă din tunelul minuscul care se află în marele trunchi, limba-i specializată nu i-ar fi servit la nimic. Nici mecanismul de localizare a insectei nu ar fi avut nici o valoare fără limba suficient de lungă care să ajungă la larvă. De fapt, nici limba lungă nici mecanismul de localizare nu i-ar fi fost de folos ciocănitoarei dacă limba n-ar fi fost suficient de puternică să pătrundă în gaură, să prindă larva şi să intre înapoi în cioc. Dacă oricare din cele trei ar fi evoluat una înaintea alteia, celelalte două n-ar fi fost de niciun folos, iar ciocănitoarea nu ar fi supravieţuit selecţiei naturale. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Dacă toate sistemele prezentate mai sus ar fi fost instalate într-o pasăre normală, impactul cu copacul ar fi omorât-o; ar fi ceva de genul: cu vârful nasului ia dalta de oţel şi loveşte în copac. Dacă pasărea ar fi supravieţuit după prima lovitură, probabil ar fi renunţat să mai încerce. Ciocănitoarea, însă, are nu doar un cioc puternic, bine echipat şi un detector de larve, dar de asemenea un sistem de amortizare care îi protejează capul de daune. Prima ciocănitoarea în care să fi evoluat sistemul de găurit în copaci ar fi renunţat să mai ciocănească ori ar fi murit de tânără dacă sistemul de amortizare nu ar fi fost deja instalat. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Mai mult, în comparaţie cu alte păsări: "Penele din coadă (în special pana centrală sau cele două perechi) sunt mai puternice la ciocănitoare, rezistente întrucât susţin corpul ciocănitoarei în timp ce ciocăneşte cu ciocul. Structura picioarelor şi aranjarea asociată a tendoanelor şi muşchilor formează un complex funcţional de trăsături care îi permit ciocănitoarei să se caţere pe trunchiurile copacilor şi să-şi menţină poziţia în timp ce ciocăneşte." (Encyclopedia Britannica CD 98, "Birds: Major Bird Orders: Piciformes, Form and Function"). La ce folos penele tari, structura picioarelor, detectorul de larve şi recuperatorul larvelor, chiar şi limba care se învârte în jurul capului şi amortizorul dacă după câteva găuri ciocul s-ar fi tocit şi nu ar mai fi tăiat? Când mai multe sisteme trebuie să fie la un loc înainte ca ceva să funcţioneze, se numeşte complexitate ireductibilă şi e dovadă al unui design inteligent. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Concluzie&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Potrivit teoriei evoluţioniste, orice sistem care nu are nicio funcţie va fi eliminat prin selecţie naturală. Dacă unul din sistemele ciocănitoarei a evoluat cu mult înainte de celelalte sisteme care trebuiau să fie acolo pentru ca primul sistem să funcţioneze, ar fi fost eliminat. Dovada e puternic împotriva afirmaţiei că sistemele speciale ale ciocănitoarei ar fi apărut la întâmplare în urma mutaţiilor aleatorii pentru că sistemele mai sus menţionate au lucrat împreună. Faptul că toate sunt prezente şi funcţionează demonstrează că sistemele ciocănitorii au fost proiectate şi create ca să funcţioneze împreună. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Întrucât dovezile arată că nu se poate ca ciocănitoarele să se fi dezvoltat în urma mutaţiilor aleatorii, de ce mutaţiile sunt considerate ca fiind ziditori universali ai fiecărei părţi din fiecare fiinţă (doar asta susţin evoluţioniştii)? E în regulă să crezi că unele lucruri au apărut în urma mutaţiilor, atunci când există dovezi concludente. Majoritatea bolilor genetice reprezintă un astfel de exemplu. Cea mai mică schimbare a aminoacizilor dintr-o proteină deseori transformă proteina într-o boală. Însă lasă ca dovada să fie ghidul în cazuri precum cel al ciocănitorii, unde dovezile demonstrează cu putere un design inteligent. De ce să sari la concluzia că dacă mutaţiile provoacă diabet, de asemenea trebuie să fi format pancreasul, ficatul, peştele, maimuţa şi pe noi? Dacă vezi pe cineva că dărâmă o clădire cu o macara şi o bilă mare, nu presupui că toate clădirile din lume au fost construite de macarale cu bile mari. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Din nefericire, pentru mulţi oameni credinţa evoluţionistă e parte a structurii religioase totalitare unde totul trebuie înghesuit fie că se potriveşte ori ba. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Dr. Sunderland, proprietarul craniului din poză, scrie, "Craniul ciocănitoarei a fost mai eficient în a-i convinge pe oamenii de ştiinţă de inadvertenţele teoriei evoluţioniste decât orice carte din biblioteca autorului. Şi alte păsări au oase hioide, dar e evident că e nevoie de o minune ca ele să fie &lt;u&gt;înrădăcinate în nara dreaptă (2)&lt;/u&gt;. Un evoluţionist proeminent din echipa unei reviste ştiinţifice de prestigiu a mărturisit următoarele după ce a examinat craniul: "Există anumite trăsături anatomice care nu pot fi explicate prin mutaţii graduale ce ar fi avut loc de-a lungul a milioane de ani. Rămână vorba între mine şi tine, uneori trebuie să-l includ pe Dumnezeu când văd aşa ceva." &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Un alt om de ştiinţă, în timp ce examina la microscop oasele limbii a spus, "E foarte uşor să faci diferenţa dintre lucrurile făcute de om şi lucrurile făcute de Dumnezeu. Când te uiţi prin microscop la lucrurile făcute de om vezi cât sunt de nefinisate, dar când te uiţi la lucrurile făcute de Dumnezeu vezi cât de precis şi complex e totul.” (Luther D. Sunderland, Creation Research Society Quarterly, vol. 12, March 1976, p. 183)"&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p align="right"&gt;(sublinierile imi apartin) &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Citatul contine o serie de neadevaruri subtile si premeditate, daca nu chiar perfide. Este greu de presupus ca un specialist le-ar fi putut trece cu vederea. Iar faptul ca autorul articolului original, Thomas F. Heinze, nu este deloc specialist, ci evanghelist si teolog, nu constituie o scuza. Inexactitatile (asa le vom numi) vizeaza aspecte legate de anatomie si anatomie comparata. Sa le trecem sumar in revista. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;In citat se arata ca oasele hioide ar fi "inradacinate in nara dreapta" (2), ceea ce este pur si simplu fals. In realitate, ele sunt "inradacinate" la baza ciocului prin muschii si ligamentele care leaga hioidul de mandibula. La anumite specii, coarnele oaselor hioide cresc, dinspre baza ciocului si prin spatele capului, la o asemenea lungime, incat pot patrunde in cavitatile nazale de deasupra, dar fara sa fie inradacinate in cavitatile nazale. Deci ceea ce se sustine, si anume ca, din nara dreapta unde ar fi inradacinata, limba ar fi trebuit sa creasca, pe parcursul evolutiei, in sens invers celui real, prin spatele capului inapoi la baza ciocului (1), este o aberatie din punct de vedere logic. (figura 1) Oricine a studiat anatomia in cauza isi poate da seama de adevar. Este doar o problema de observare, si nu una de interpretare, cum se insinueaza. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh3.google.com/gyges77/R5USFDwhwgI/AAAAAAAAALI/NSbgzqpB2dI/Compare1%5B3%5D"&gt;&lt;img style="border: 0px none ;" alt="Compare1" src="http://lh5.google.com/gyges77/R5USFjwhwhI/AAAAAAAAALQ/KBSn90k-ucY/Compare1_thumb%5B1%5D" border="0" height="207" width="484" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh3.google.com/gyges77/R5USGDwhwiI/AAAAAAAAALY/JPtfajgGu4s/story1_res%5B17%5D"&gt;&lt;img style="border: 0px none ;" alt="story1_res" src="http://lh5.google.com/gyges77/R5USGjwhwjI/AAAAAAAAALg/YNyjeq_sNfQ/story1_res_thumb%5B13%5D" border="0" height="441" width="433" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;  &lt;/p&gt; &lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh3.google.com/gyges77/R5USHDwhwkI/AAAAAAAAALo/x1fFxmHc120/Aparat_hioid%5B3%5D"&gt;&lt;img style="border: 0px none ;" alt="Aparat_hioid" src="http://lh5.google.com/gyges77/R5USHjwhwlI/AAAAAAAAALw/_AzNgRuxdLY/Aparat_hioid_thumb%5B1%5D" border="0" height="262" width="274" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh3.google.com/gyges77/R5USIDwhwmI/AAAAAAAAAL4/clLuPbGAFv8/Parrot%20Crossbill_Loxia_pytyopsittacus2%5B3%5D"&gt;&lt;img style="border: 0px none ;" alt="Parrot Crossbill_Loxia_pytyopsittacus2" src="http://lh5.google.com/gyges77/R5USIjwhwnI/AAAAAAAAAMA/xepQoPbxxpI/Parrot%20Crossbill_Loxia_pytyopsittacus2_thumb%5B1%5D" border="0" height="186" width="421" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Si, in fine, autorul nu tine seama de faptul ca o serie de alte specii de pasari poseda acelasi tip de aparat hioid, in forme mai mult sau mai putin tranzitorii. Acelasi tip de aparat hioid se intalneste de exemplu la gaina, dar intr-o varianta mai rudimentara (si cu toate acestea perfect utila), in sensul ca cele doua coarne posterioare hioidiene nu ajung decat pana la nivelul urechii, fara sa faca o bucla completa pana la nivelul ciocului, cum face la specia de ciocanitoarea amintita. Este si cazul speciei de papagal &lt;i&gt;Loxia pytyopsittacus&lt;/i&gt; (figura 4). Acest lucru dovedeste ca nu avem in fata un caz de “complexitate ireductibila”.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div class="wlWriterSmartContent" id="scid:5737277B-5D6D-4f48-ABFC-DD9C333F4C5D:6da69246-5f7d-4587-a49b-1a69d1349e70" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; display: inline; float: none;"&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;object height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/bMTMht-HrVw&amp;amp;rel=1"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/bMTMht-HrVw&amp;amp;rel=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6382880053049337729?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6382880053049337729/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6382880053049337729' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6382880053049337729'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6382880053049337729'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/01/adevarul-despre-ciocanitori.html' title='Adevarul despre ciocanitori'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8620141911877252304</id><published>2008-01-15T00:53:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-24T21:32:12.046+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Edward O. Wilson'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='group selection'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kin-selection'/><title type='text'>Disputa Dawkins-Wilson</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Am urmarit cu mult interes disputa Dawkins-Wilson din ultimele zile pe tema &lt;em&gt;selectiei de rudenie&lt;/em&gt;. Reamintesc ca revista &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/" target="_blank"&gt;New Scientist&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; a publicat in 12 ianuarie un &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/opinion/mg19726383.900-altruism-is-no-family-matter.html" target="_blank"&gt;articol&lt;/a&gt; privitor la Wilson si noua sa atitudine vis-a-vis de aceasta teorie. Controversa dintre Richard Dawkins si Edward O. Wilson este mai veche, cei doi fiind adeptii unor teorii aparent divergente, respectiv &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" target="_blank"&gt;teoria genei egoiste&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; si &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_selection" target="_blank"&gt;teoria selectiei de grup&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, ambele elaborate in anii '70. Noua controversa legata de rolul &lt;em&gt;selectiei de rudenie&lt;/em&gt; in evolutia eusocialitatii si aparitia comportamentului altruist (in special la insecte) a scos la iveala si aceasta rivalitate mai veche intre teoriile celor doi biologi. In esenta, Wilson neaga faptul ca &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_selection" target="_blank"&gt;selectia de rudenie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; ar fi avut un rol major in aparitia si evolutia eusocialitatii, pronuntandu-se in favoarea &lt;em&gt;selectiei de grup&lt;/em&gt;. In schimb, Dawkins vede &lt;em&gt;selectia&lt;/em&gt; &lt;em&gt;de rudenie&lt;/em&gt; ca pe o simpla consecinta a selectie naturale, deci nu-i poate fi negata existenta, la fel cum nu poate fi negata existenta selectiei naturale insasi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Profitand de dreptul la replica, Dawkins a publicat si el un articol in paginile aceleiasi reviste. Articolul este reprodus si pe pagina web a fundatiei conduse de catre Richard Dawkins. Reproduc mai jos traducerea acestui articol.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" target="_blank"&gt;Edward Wilson&lt;/a&gt; ne-a furnizat o fascinanta descriere a evolutiei insectelor sociale. Dar terminologia sa privitoare la "selectia de grup" este inselatoare, iar distinctia facuta de catre el intre "selectia de rudenie" si "selectia individuala" este lipsita de continut. Ceea ce conteaza este &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_of_selection"&gt;selectia genica&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Singura intrebare pe care trebuie sa ne-o punem in legatura cu un presupus caracter adaptativ este: "Ce anume determina gena responsabila de acel caracter sa creasca in frecventa?". Wilson trage concluzia in mod gresit ca trebuie sa apelam la &lt;em&gt;selectia de rudenie&lt;/em&gt; numai atunci cand selectia "directa" esueaza in a ne da un raspuns. Aici el cade in una din capcanele &lt;em&gt;selectiei de rudenie&lt;/em&gt;, crezand ca aceasta este doar un caz particular mai complex al selectiei naturale, ceea ce nu este cazul.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;In adevaratul sens al &lt;em&gt;selectiei de rudenie&lt;/em&gt;, progeniturile sunt rude in acceasi masura in care sunt si fratii, surorile si parintii. Ingrijirea parentala si ingrijirea rudeniilor au evoluat ambele datorita genelor detinute de catre ambii beneficiari. Genele care determina hranirea de catre lucratoarele sterile a larvelor sunt transmise mai departe generatiilor viitoare de catre acele larve destinate sa devina matci. Aceasta este &lt;em&gt;selectia de rudenie&lt;/em&gt;. Ea perpetueaza castele de lucratoare sterile in cadrul stupilor. Wilson nu poate nega acest fapt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Ceea ce Wilson disputa - si poate pe buna dreptate - este faptul ca eusocialitatea ar fi aparut prin agregarea femelelor inrudite tocmai datorita inrudirii. Ar fi putut aparea la fel de bine prin cuibarirea impreuna a unor femele neinrudite genetic. Dar a numi acest fenomen "selectie de grup" este impropriu. O abordare mai potrivita ar putea fi conceptul de "Strategii Stabile Evolutionar" (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" target="_blank"&gt;Evolutionarily Stable Strategies&lt;/a&gt;-ESS, n.r.), eleborata de catre &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Smith" target="_blank"&gt;John Maynard Smith&lt;/a&gt;. "Stabil" insemna ca, atunci cand majoritatea indivizilor aplica o anumita strategie, nici o alta alternativa nu poate presta mai bine. Daca strategia "cuibareste impreuna" se dovedeste a fi o strategie stabila pentru femelele neinrudite genetic, acest lucru ar putea constitui o preadaptare pentru evolutia eusocialitatii.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Impreuna cu Jane Brockman, de la Florida University, am explorat acest lucru folosind un model de SSE, elaborat impreuna cu Alan Grafen de la University of Oxford, folosind bogata experienta de teren lui Brockman in ceea ce priveste viespea &lt;em&gt;Sphex ichneumoneus&lt;/em&gt;, care are obiceiul de a sapa gropi in sol. Aplicand strategia 'sapa', viespea femela sapa o groapa, o aprovizioneaza cu hrana, dupa care depune un singur ou, astupa groapa si o paraseste. Insa gropile, in anumite situatii, si din motive intemeiate, sunt uneori abandonate, iar acest lucru deschide calea unei strategii alternative: patrunde intr-o groapa deja existenta si ia-o in posesie, prin asta salvand timpul si energia necesare excavarii unei gropi proprii. Dezavantajul patrunderii intr-o groapa deja existenta este ca s-ar putea ca groapa sa nu fie abandonata de catre proprietar, creand astfel posibilitatea unui conflict cu acesta. Deci decizia intre a lua in stapanire o groapa sau a-si sapa una proprie este un joc de noroc.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Daca in cadrul populatiei exista prea multe 'intrari', nu se vor sapa suficiente gropi, iar sansele ca o anumita groapa sa fie ocupata cresc. Prin urmare, selectia va favoriza strategia 'sapa'. Daca se sapa prea multe gropi, atunci vor fi prea multe gropi abandonate, facand inutila saparea de noi gropi. Modelul SSE a lui Grafen prezice o frecventa de echilibru intre strategia 'sapa' si strategia 'intra', cu beneficii de ambele parti. Masurarile din teren ale lui Brockman au fost suficient de bogate pentru a testa cu succes aceasta predictie.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Impreuna cu Brockman am postulat un "camp" ecologic in limitele caruia parametrii ce guverneaza modelul lui Grafen pot varia. O schimbare survenita in conditiile ecologice pot determina viespile sa oscileze intre un "spatiu agresiv" (cand viespile stau si pazesc gropile) si un "spatiu tolerant" (cand viespile care sapa sunt avantajate de patrunderea unei alteia in groapa). De aici si pana la un "spatiu de cooperare", cand ambele parti profita de pe urma convietuirii in aceeasi groapa, este doar un pas. Exista multe specii de viespi care aparent adopta aceaste pozitii. De aici, drumul spre eusocialitate este scurt.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Celebra carte a lui Wilson, &lt;em&gt;Sociobiologia&lt;/em&gt;, aloca doar patru propozitii, in capitolul dedicat selectiei de grup, teoriei SSE. &lt;em&gt;Selectia de rudenie&lt;/em&gt; este prezenta si ea, dar ca o forma a selectiei de grup. In mod evident, ciudata infatuare a lui Wilson legata de "selectia de grup" are sorginte mai vechi, fapt regretabil la un biolog atat de influent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Ca un preludiu la acest episod, E. O. Wilson a colaborat cu &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" target="_blank"&gt;D. S. Wilson&lt;/a&gt; la o lucrare despre Selectia de Grup, tot in paginile revistei &lt;em&gt;New Scientist&lt;/em&gt;. Atunci nu am scris o replica (din pacate am fost extrem de ocupat), dar am scris o scrisoare, corectand o minciuna sfruntata despre mine, iar &lt;em&gt;New Scientist&lt;/em&gt; a solicitat o replica din partea celor doi Wilson.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;Richard Dawkins scrie: &lt;em&gt;Demersul de-o viata a lui David Sloan Wilson de a redefini "selectia de grup" intr-o asemenea maniera incat sa inspire o maxima confuzie - si chiar sa-l atraga pe sensibilul si inteleptul Edward O. Wilson de partea lui - nu este de nici un interes stiintific, cel mult unul semantic. Ceea ce depaseste insa semanticul este afirmatia acestuia (este bine sa presupunem ca E. O. Wilson este fara vina) ca, "in cele din urma, atat Wiliams, cat si Dawkins isi vor recunoaste eroarea...". Nu pot vorbi in numele lui George Williams dar, in ceea ce ma priveste, afirmatia este falsa: nu este o neintelegere semantica, nu este exagerare sau jumate de adevar, ci o minciuna. Asemenea multor oameni de stiinta, sunt dispus sa recunosc in anumite cazuri ca mi-am schimbat opinia, insa acesta nu este unul din acele cazuri. D. S. Wilson ar trebui sa-si ceara scuze. E.O. Wilson, fiind gentleman-ul care este, probabil ca-si va cere.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div align="justify"&gt;David Sloan Wilson and Edward O. Wilson au scris: &lt;em&gt;Comentariul nostru legat de Dawkins se refera in mod specific la eroarea de a utiliza conceptul de replicator - genele ca unitati "fundamentale" ale selectiei - ca argument impotriva selectiei de grup. In "Fenotipul Extins", Dawkins scrie: &lt;/em&gt;"Problema consta in faptul ca trebuie sa fim expliciti in privinta celor doua unitati conceptuale distincte, replicatori si vehiculi... Majoritatea modelelor numite curent 'selectie de grup'... trateaza in mod implicit grupurile ca vehiculi. Rezultatul final al selectiei discutate este o schimbare in frecventa genelor, ca de exemplu o crestere a frecventei 'genelor altruiste' in detrimentul 'genelor egoiste'. Deci tot genele sunt considerate ca fiind replicatori, care ajung sa supravietuiasta (sau nu) ca o consecinta a procesului de selectie (a vehiculelor)." &lt;em&gt;O alta eroare este a presupune ca selectie din interiorul grupului constituie o problema pentru selectia dintre grupuri. Ramane ca Dawkins sa recunoasta aceasta eroare si ne cerem scuze daca articolul nostru parea sa sugereze altceva. In final, Dawkins pare sa sugereze ca unul dintre noi doi l-a sedus pe celalalt cu ideile sale. Suntem solidari in opiniile noastre legate de selectia de grup.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Citatul lui Wilson din &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Extended_Phenotype" target="_blank"&gt;Fenotipul extins&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/em&gt; este o tantativa de a justifica afirmatiile lor mincinoase conform carora as fi recunoscut "in cele din urma" o eroare anterioara. Ori &lt;em&gt;Fenotipul extins&lt;/em&gt; a fost publicat in 1982, ceea ce descalifica expresia "in cele din urma" a lui Wilson. Dar chiar mai important, ceea ce am vrut sa subliniez in 1982 (si din nou acum) este opinia generala prinvind distinctia importanta dintre replicatori si vehiculi. Am mentionat selectia de grup doar pentru a clarifica distinctia. Explicam ca acele modele ale selectiei de grup care au fost propuse au fost modele ale vehiculilor, nu ale replicatorilor. N-am sugerat nici un moment ca as fi acceptat acele modele ca fiind valabile. Au fost (si sunt) modele invalide ale vehiculilor, in opozitie cu modelele valide ale replicatorilor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;(traducere proprie)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8620141911877252304?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8620141911877252304/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8620141911877252304' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8620141911877252304'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8620141911877252304'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/01/disputa-dawkins-wilson.html' title='Disputa Dawkins-Wilson'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-7271302973431153902</id><published>2008-01-13T15:20:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-25T09:39:05.254+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Edward O. Wilson'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='group selection'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='kin-selection'/><title type='text'>Edward O. Wilson renunta la "selectia de rudenie" (kin selection)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh6.google.com/gyges77/R4oQPjwhwZI/AAAAAAAAAJ0/6pziIlcjPVM/Edward_O_Wilson249x2968"&gt;&lt;img style="border-width: 0px; margin: 0px 15px 0px 0px;" alt="Edward_O_Wilson-249x296" src="http://lh4.google.com/gyges77/R4oQQDwhwaI/AAAAAAAAAJ8/-MQflqaAuSs/Edward_O_Wilson249x296_thumb4" align="left" border="0" height="244" width="206" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; Renumitul biolog &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Osborne_Wilson" target="_blank"&gt;Edward O. Wilson&lt;/a&gt; ( &lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociobiology" target="_blank"&gt;Sociobiology&lt;/a&gt;: The New Synthesis 1975, Belknap Press, ISBN 0-674-81621-8), parintele sociobiologiei, a socat lumea stiintifica abandonand teoria deja consacrata privitoare la comportamentul altruist al insectelor (kin-selection). Teoria larg acceptata in ultimii 40 de ani sustine ca majoritatea indivizilor de albine, furnici si viespi renunta la propria reproducere pentru a se putea consacra ingrijirii noilor progenituri, cu care impart aceleasi gene.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Wilson subliniaza ca asa-numitul comportament eusocial, prin care matca este asistata de catre lucratoarele sterile este larg raspindit in natura, inclusiv la gandaci, creveti si popandai. Afidele formeaza colonii de clone indentice genetic. Conform teoriei &lt;em&gt;selectiei de rudenie&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin_selection" target="_blank"&gt;kin-selection&lt;/a&gt;), ar fi de asteptat ca acestea sa se comporte in mod altruist. Cu toate acestea, ele nu se comporta.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Printre altele, aceasta observatie l-a determinat pe Prof. Wilson sa sugereze ca comportamentul altruist a evoluat nu datorita &lt;em&gt;selectiei de rudenie&lt;/em&gt;, ci datorita faptului ca acele colonii care favorizau sacrificiul individual aveau sanse mai mari de supravietuire, aducand deci argumente in favoarea &lt;em&gt;selectiei de grup&lt;/em&gt; (&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_selection" target="_blank"&gt;group selection&lt;/a&gt;). Wilson mentioneaza totusi ca &lt;em&gt;teoria selectiei de rudenie&lt;/em&gt; nu este gresita, dar este incompleta.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Sursa: &lt;a href="http://www.telegraph.co.uk/" target="_blank"&gt;Daily Telegraph&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/" target="_blank"&gt;Science Daily&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-7271302973431153902?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/7271302973431153902/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=7271302973431153902' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7271302973431153902'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7271302973431153902'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/01/edward-o-wilson-renunta-la-de-rudenie.html' title='Edward O. Wilson renunta la &amp;quot;selectia de rudenie&amp;quot; (kin selection)'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6590537640518747248</id><published>2008-01-11T10:29:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:34:30.159+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetic evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='meme'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociocultural evolution'/><title type='text'>Evolutia Floppy Disk Drive-ului</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh4.google.com/gyges77/R4co4zwhwXI/AAAAAAAAAJk/pPTD_HqGu2o/Floppy_Disk_Drives_8_5_3%5B8%5D"&gt;&lt;img alt="8 inch, 5 1/4 inch and 3 1/2 floppy disk drives. Photo by Michael Holley 2007" src="http://lh3.google.com/gyges77/R4co5jwhwYI/AAAAAAAAAJs/7_xF4C-xFn0/Floppy_Disk_Drives_8_5_3_thumb%5B6%5D" height="427" width="640" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6590537640518747248?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6590537640518747248/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6590537640518747248' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6590537640518747248'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6590537640518747248'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2008/01/evolutia-floppy-disk-drive-ului.html' title='Evolutia Floppy Disk Drive-ului'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8525332272487850965</id><published>2007-12-18T11:17:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2007-12-18T15:22:31.180+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='universal evolution'/><title type='text'>Universul in expansiune la nesfarsit?</title><content type='html'>&lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Garret Hardin despre cele 3 legi ale termodinamicii:&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ol&gt; &lt;ol&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nu putem castiga &lt;/em&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Pierdem sigur &lt;/em&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;em&gt;Nu putem iesi din joc &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;/ol&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;(Dar cream noi un joc!)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p align="right"&gt;(Constantin Noica, &lt;em&gt;Jurnal de idei&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="justify"&gt;Cercetari recente sugereaza ca universul se va extinde probabil la nesfarşit, devenind un univers intunecat si rece. Cel putin acesta este deznodamantul final, si fara drept de apel, la care ne conduc regulile (actuale) ale jocului (termodinamic). Dar asa sa fie oare? Intuitia lui Noica (sau a lui Garret?) a functionat perfect. Ce va impiedica, sa zicem, o forma viitoare de organizare a materiei, sa schimbe &lt;em&gt;dinauntru&lt;/em&gt; regulile jocului, si sa si le impuna pe ale sale, cu alte cuvinte sa impiedice expansiunea la nesfarsit a universului, asa cum se prefigureaza ea actualmente? Suntem supusi regulilor termodinamice, dar ce ne impiedica ca &lt;em&gt;dinauntrul jocului&lt;/em&gt; (a sistemului) sa cream noi reguli, care sa schimbe regulile existente ale jocului, in ansamblul sau? Adica, conform expresiei lui Noica, sa "cream noi un joc"... Prin "noi" inteleg orice forma de organizare a materiei care ne va succede in &lt;strong&gt;evolutia universului&lt;/strong&gt;. Sa luam un exemplu concret de schimbare &lt;em&gt;dinauntru&lt;/em&gt; a regulilor jocului. Inainte de aparitia omului, mai precis a civilizatiei industriale, clima Pamantului oscila intre perioade glaciare si interglaciare, stare care s-a perpetuat timp de sute de milioane de ani.&amp;nbsp; In termenii nostri, acestea erau &lt;em&gt;regulile "jocului"&lt;/em&gt;. Insa odata cu aparitia omului industrial, regulile jocului par sa se schimbe in avantajul lui, si nu oricum, ci &lt;em&gt;dinauntru&lt;/em&gt;. Civilizatia industriala, modificand si controland atmosfera, ameninta sa intrerupa ciclul glaciar-interglaciar perpetuat timp de sute de milioane de ani. In felul acesta, specia nu mai este amenintata cu extinctia datorita glaciatiunilor. Cu alte cuvinte, omul industrial modifica constient si &lt;em&gt;dinauntru&lt;/em&gt; regulile jocului in favoarea lui, deci &lt;strong&gt;isi creaza propriul joc&lt;/strong&gt;. De ce nu ar putea fi extrapolat acelasi lucru intr-un viitor oarecare, si la nivelul intregului univers aflat in expansiune?&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8525332272487850965?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8525332272487850965/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8525332272487850965' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8525332272487850965'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8525332272487850965'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/12/universul.html' title='Universul in expansiune la nesfarsit?'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8709626725431656443</id><published>2007-12-13T10:46:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2007-12-13T17:16:31.733+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human evolution'/><title type='text'>Rata evolutiei umane in crestere</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Cercetatorii, studiind variatiile aparute in genomul uman, au tras concluzia ca evolutia omului s-a accelerat enorm in ultimii 40000 de ani, sub actiunea selectiei naturale.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Afirmatia contrazice prejudecata conform careia evolutia omului s-a oprit acum 10000 de ani, sau chair 50000 de ani. De exemplu,  anumiti experti in psihologia evolutionista sustin ca mintea omului nu a evoluat deloc de la sfarsitul ultimei glaciatiuni, acum 10000 de ani.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Investigatia, condusa de catre Robert K. Moyzis, de la Universitatea din California, si Irvine si Henry C. Harpending de la Universitatea din Utah, a constat in identificarea genelor umane care si-au marit frecventa in randul populatiei, datorita selectiei naturale. Ei sustin ca cca 7% din totalul genelor umane prezinta amprenta selectiei naturale.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;S-a constatat astfel ca rata evolutiei umane a fost relativ constanta pana acum 50000 de ani, cand a cunoscut o crestere brusca, pana acum 10000 de ani, tendinta care, probabil, se mentine si astazi, insa datele nu sunt suficiente in acest sens.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh6.google.com/gyges77/R2D3igyLcAI/AAAAAAAAAH4/ik-Xdve-l-M/gene%20_sel%5B10%5D"&gt;&lt;img height="315" alt="gene _sel" src="http://lh4.google.com/gyges77/R2D3jAyLcBI/AAAAAAAAAH8/wV0BnYRcOAM/gene%20_sel_thumb%5B8%5D" width="453" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Intensificarea selectiei are doua cauze, si anume cresterea populatiei, ceea ce a dus la inmultirea mutatiilor, iar a doua mediile de viata diferite pe care populatiile migratoare le-au intalnit in arealele pe care le-au colonizat, si la care au fost nevoite sa se adapteze genetic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Dr. Moyzis sustine ca, in ciuda faptului ca cultura i-a aparat pe oameni de influenta mediului si de fortele selectiei naturale, in acelasi timp, oamenii au fost nevoiti sa se adapteze la cultura creata. Aceasta cauza ar sta la baza intensificarii evolutiei.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Insa alti oameni de stiinta indeamna la precautie si la o investigare mai amanuntita.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(sursa: &lt;a href="http://www.nytimes.com/" target="_blank"&gt;The New York Times&lt;/a&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8709626725431656443?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8709626725431656443/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8709626725431656443' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8709626725431656443'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8709626725431656443'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/12/rata-evolutiei-umane-in-crestere.html' title='Rata evolutiei umane in crestere'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-3112849106159698356</id><published>2007-12-07T15:14:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:05:43.063+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='altruism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (VI)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Asta datorita faptului ca intotdeauna vor fi indivizi inclinati sa triseze, iar altruismul reciproc, asa cum este el definit de catre teoria jocului, intotdeauna implica pedepse pentru cei care triseaza. Teoria matematica defineste doua clase mari de solutii stabile pentru aceste tipuri de 'joc'. Strategia "fii rau tot timpul" este o strategie stabila deoarece, daca toti indivizii o practica, nici un individ din randul populatiei care ar incerca sa fie 'bun', n-ar reusi. Dar mai este inca o strategie, de asemenea stabila. ('Stabil" inseamna ca, odata ce depaseste o anumita frecventa in randul populatiei, nici o alta strategie nu va reusi). Aceasta strategie se numeste "incepe sa fii bun si acorda-le celorlalti prezumtia de nevinovatie, apoi rasplateste binele cu bine, dar razbuna faptele rele". In limbajul teoriei jocului, aceasta strategie (sau familie de strategii) este cunoscuta sub numele de 'Da-mi ca sa-ti dau'. Strategia este stabila evolutionar in anumite conditii, in sensul ca, daca luam o societate dominata de indivizi conditionat-buni, atunci nici un individ absolut-rau si nici un individ altruist nu va reusi. Exista si alte variante ale strategiei 'Da-mi ca sa-ti dau' care, in anumite conditii, pot sa fie mai eficiente.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;(traducere, fragment din &lt;em&gt;The God Delusion&lt;/em&gt;, de Richard Dawkins)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-3112849106159698356?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/3112849106159698356/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=3112849106159698356' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3112849106159698356'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3112849106159698356'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/12/simtul-nostru-moral-are-origini_07.html' title='Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (VI)'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-923235171999067436</id><published>2007-12-04T22:38:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:06:26.608+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human evolution'/><title type='text'>Cimpanzeii ii surclaseaza pe oameni la testul de memorie/ Chimps beat humans in memory test</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Cercetarile sugereaza ca cimpanzeii au o memorie fotografica extraordinara, mult superioara oamenilor.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh4.google.com/gyges77/R1W_pwyLb9I/AAAAAAAAAHI/4p3eeyvqXZE/Capture2%5B17%5D"&gt;&lt;img style="border: 0px none ; margin: 0px 10px 0px 0px;" alt="Capture2" src="http://lh6.google.com/gyges77/R1W_qQyLb-I/AAAAAAAAAHQ/n-BWCoAVrv4/Capture2_thumb%5B13%5D" align="left" border="0" height="157" width="209" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; In testele de memorie efectuate de catre cercetatori japonezi, cimpanzeii tineri i-au surclasat pe studenti. Testele au constat in memorarea unor numere aparute pe un ecran si redarea lor in ordinea corecta. Pana de curand, s-a presupus ca cimpanzeii nu pot atinge performantele de memorie sau alte capacitati ale oamenilor. &lt;em&gt;"Inca sunt multi oameni de stiinta, printre care si multi biologi, care considera ca omul este superior cimpanzeului in toate functiile cognitive"&lt;/em&gt;, a declarat cercetatorul Tetsuro Matsuzawa, de la Universitatea din Kyoto. &lt;em&gt;"Nimeni nu si-a inchipuit ca cimpanzeii - cimpanzei tineri aflati la varsta de 5 ani - pot atinge performante mai bune la testele de memorie decat oamenii."&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Trebuie remarcat insa ca concluziile de mai sus se refera la memoria de scurta durata. Neavand un limbaj atat de dezvoltat ca cel al omului, cimpanzeii sunt nevoiti sa recurga mult mai mult decat acesta la memoria de scurta durata. Se poate presupune ca stramosii omului s-au bazat mult mai mult pe acest tip de memorie, datorita lipsei unui limbaj suficient de dezvoltat pentru a compensa lipsa lui.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(sursa: BBC)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;*&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Chimpanzees have an extraordinary photographic memory that is far superior to ours, research suggests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Young chimps outperformed university students in memory tests devised by Japanese scientists. The tasks involved remembering the location of numbers on a screen, and correctly recalling the sequence. Until now, it had always been assumed that chimps could not match humans in memory and other mental skills. "There are still many people, including many biologists, who believe that humans are superior to chimpanzees in all cognitive functions," said lead researcher Tetsuro Matsuzawa of Kyoto University. "No one can imagine that chimpanzees - young chimpanzees at the age of five - have a better performance in a memory task than humans.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;We must remark though that the above conclusions are referred to short-term memory. Because they don't have such an evolved system of language like man does, the chimps rely more on short-term memory. We can assume that our ancestors had the same inclination towards using this kind of memory, to compensate the lack of the elaborate system of language the modern man has.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;(source: BBC)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-923235171999067436?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/923235171999067436/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=923235171999067436' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/923235171999067436'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/923235171999067436'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/12/cimpanzeii-ii-surclaseaza-pe-oameni-in.html' title='Cimpanzeii ii surclaseaza pe oameni la testul de memorie/ Chimps beat humans in memory test'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-2154517886490427985</id><published>2007-12-02T00:34:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:06:48.059+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='altruism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (V)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;In cazul oamenilor, datoriile se platesc in bani sau alte instrumente care permit decalajul in timp al tranzactiei. Partenerii nu-si onoreaza obligatiile pe loc, in acelasi timp, ci se lasa indatorati, sau chiar isi transmit obligatiile altora. Din cate stiu, nici un animal non-uman din salbaticie nu detine un echivalent cat de apropiat al banilor. Insa memoria identitatii individuale joaca acelasi rol. Liliecii vampiri retin care indivizi anume din grup sunt de incredere in a-si plati datoria (prin regurgitarea hranei) si care sunt cei care insala. Selectia naturala favorizeaza acele gene care predispun indivizii sa ofere atunci cand au posibilitatea, si sa solicite atunci cand nu au, in conditiile in care cererea si oferta nu se intalnesc intotdeauna. De asemenea selectia naturala favorizeaza tendinta de a tine minte obligatiile si de a pedepsi pe cei care beneficiaza de ajutor, dar nu ajuta atunci cand vine randul lor sa ajute.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;(fragment din &lt;em&gt;The God Delusion&lt;/em&gt;, de Richard Dawkins)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-2154517886490427985?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/2154517886490427985/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=2154517886490427985' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2154517886490427985'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2154517886490427985'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/12/simtul-nostru-moral-are-origini.html' title='Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (V)'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-4948552219921428322</id><published>2007-11-27T10:50:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2010-04-17T18:02:00.321+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Aparitie editoriala</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Vreau sa semnalez aparitia pe piata a unei carti care nu trebuie sa lipseasca din biblioteca niciunui iubitor de ratiune. Este vorba despre o traducere dupa best-seller-ul avand ca autor pe Richard Dawkins, &lt;em&gt;The God Delusion&lt;/em&gt;. Titlul romanesc este &lt;em&gt;Himera credintei in Dumnezeu&lt;/em&gt;. Cartea a aparut la Editura Curtea Veche.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;a href="http://lh4.google.com/gyges77/R0vaeoTusCI/AAAAAAAAAFY/SRAdIt9DHOc/Richard_Dawkins_The_God_Delusion%5B3%5D"&gt;&lt;img style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px 15px 10px 0px;" alt="Richard_Dawkins_The_God_Delusion" src="http://lh6.google.com/gyges77/R0vafITusDI/AAAAAAAAAFg/CsfsYp0kNXg/Richard_Dawkins_The_God_Delusion_thumb%5B1%5D" align="left" border="0" height="244" width="168" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(128, 128, 0);"&gt;„Imaginaţi-vă o lume lipsită de religie. Fără atentate sinucigaşe, fără 11 septembrie sau 7 iulie, fără cruciade şi vânători de vrăjitoare, comploturi, războaie şi separatişti, fără războaie israeliano-palestiniene, masacre între sârbi, croaţi şi musulmani, persecuţii ale evreilor sau atacuri nord-irlandeze. Fără acei tele-evanghelişti cu costume strălucitoare şi coafuri bu-fante, care le spun oamenilor despre banii lor că  «Dumnezeu vrea să daţi, până la suferinţă». Fără talibani care să arunce în aer statui antice, fără execuţii publice ale celor care proferează blasfemii şi fără femei biciuite pentru crima de a-şi fi arătat faţa… O lume tolerantă şi raţională, care să ia în calcul şi posibilitatea că Dumnezeu nu există — sub nicio formă şi pentru nicio religie“, scrie Richard Dawkins.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-4948552219921428322?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/4948552219921428322'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/4948552219921428322'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/11/aparitie-editoriala.html' title='Aparitie editoriala'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-1816672263633530861</id><published>2007-11-23T16:30:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:07:10.180+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='altruism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (IV)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Cel de-al doilea tip de altruism, al carui mecanism darwinian este foarte bine cunoscut, este altruismul reciproc ("Daca tu-mi freci spatele, ti-l frec si eu pe-al tau"). Aceasta teorie, propusa pentru prima data in biologia evolutionista de catre Robert Trivers, si adesea descrisa in limbajul matematic al teoriei jocului, nu se bazeaza pe gene detinute in comun de catre mai multi indivizi. Mai mult, functioneaza la fel de bine, poate chiar mai bine, intre membrii unor specii diferite, in acest caz numindu-se simbioza. Principiul aflat la baza este acelasi care sta la baza comertului si schimburilor la oameni. Vanatorul are nevoie de sageata, in timp ce fierarul are nevoie de carne. Diferenta da nastere la o intelegere. Albina are nevoie de nectar, iar floarea are nevoie sa fie polenizata. Florile nu pot zbura, asa ca le rasplatesc pe albine, avand ca moneda de schimb nectarul, pentru dreptul de a se folosi de aripile lor. Pasarile din familia Indicatoridae au capacitatea de a gasi stupii de albine, dar nu pot patrunde in ei. Viezurele melivor (Mellivora capensis) poate patrunde in stupi, dar nu poseda aripi pentru a-i cauta. Indicatoridele ii conduc pe viezuri (uneori si pe om) catre stupi printr-un zbor folosit special in acest scop. Ambele parti profita de pe urma tranzatiei. O comoara se afla sub o stanca mare si grea, insa cel care a descoperit-o este prea slab pentru a misca stanca din loc. Pentru a obtine comoara, el cheama in ajutor pe altii, chiar daca trebuie apoi sa imparta comoara cu acestia, deoarece fara ajutorul lor n-ar fi obtinut nimic din comoara. Lumea vie este bogata in astfel de exemple de ajutor reciproc: boul si Buphagus africanus, florile cu corola tubulara si pasarile colibri, vacile si microorganismele din tubul lor digestiv. Altruismul reciproc functioneaza datorita diferentelor care se completeaza reciproc. Din aceasta cauza functioneaza foarte bine mai ales intre specii diferite.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;(fragment din &lt;em&gt;The God Delusion&lt;/em&gt;, de Richard Dawkins)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-1816672263633530861?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/1816672263633530861/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=1816672263633530861' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1816672263633530861'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1816672263633530861'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/11/simtul-nostru-moral-are-origini_23.html' title='Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (IV)'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6179366824111184429</id><published>2007-11-20T12:24:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:07:27.765+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='altruism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (III)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Pentru gene, cea mai la indemana modalitate de a-si asigura propria supravietuire, in detrimentul altor gene, este sa instruiasca organismele care le detin sa devina egoiste. In multe situatii, supravietuirea organismului individual va favoriza supravietuirea genelor detinute de acesta. Insa circumstante diferite determina tactici diferite. Exista circumstante - deloc rare - in care genele isi asigura supravietuirea determinand organismele sa se comporte altruist. Aceste circumstante au ajuns sa fie destul de bine cunoscute, si se incadreaza in doua categorii principale. O gena care isi programeaza organismul in care se afla, in a favoriza un alt organism, inrudit genetic cu acesta, va favoriza propria multiplicare. Daca frecventa unei asemenea gene ajuge sa creasca in randul populatiei, atunci acest tip de strategie altruista va deveni norma. Cel mai la indemana exemplu este comportamentul altruist al parintilor fata de propiii lor copii, insa nu este singurul. Albinele, viespile, furnicile, termitele si, intr-o masura mai mica, anumite vertebrate, ca &lt;em&gt;Heterocephalus glaber &lt;/em&gt;(o specie de sobolani), suricatele si &lt;i&gt;Melanerpes formicivorus&lt;/i&gt; (o specie de ciocanitoare), detin societati in care indivizii in varsta ii ajuta pe cei tineri, cu care au un comun o serie de gene. In general, conform afirmatiilor lui W. D. Hamilton, animalele au tendinta de a manifesta interes, a apara, a imparti resursele vitale, a avertiza in caz de pericol, cu alte cuvinte de a se manifesta altruist fata de rudele apropiate, datorita probabilitatii statistice de a avea in comun aceleasi seturi de gene.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;(fragment din &lt;em&gt;The God Delusion&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6179366824111184429?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6179366824111184429/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6179366824111184429' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6179366824111184429'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6179366824111184429'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/11/simtul-nostru-moral-are-origini_20.html' title='Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (III)'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-7176079929030662084</id><published>2007-11-18T15:01:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2007-12-13T17:23:25.460+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Pierre Teilhard de Chardin'/><title type='text'>Pastila de gandit/ Food for Thought</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Viata, prin urmare, nu se mai formeaza astazi in mod direct, plecand de la elementele continute in Litosfera sau in Hidrosfera, aceasta se intampla din cauza faptului ca aparitia Biosferei a deranjat, a saracit si a risipit atat de tare chimismul primordial al fragmentului nostru de Univers incat fenomenul nu s-ar mai putea produce niciodata (poate doar artificial).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;(Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, &lt;em&gt;Fenomenul uman&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;*&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Therefore, Life does not arise anymore today directly, from elements cointained inside the Lithosphere or the Hydrosphere, because the emergence of the Biosphere has disturbed, deprived and dispersed the primordial chemistry of our little fragment of Universe, so that the phenomenon cannot happen again (maybe only artificially).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;(Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, &lt;em&gt;Human phenomenon&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-7176079929030662084?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/7176079929030662084/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=7176079929030662084' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7176079929030662084'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7176079929030662084'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/11/pastila-de-gandit-food-for-thought.html' title='Pastila de gandit/ Food for Thought'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-3701709630106946600</id><published>2007-11-16T22:25:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:08:22.811+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='altruism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (II)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Din logica darwinismului reiese ca acea unitate din ierarhia vietii care supravietuieste si trece de filtrul selectiei naturale, va avea tendinta de a fi egoista. Unitatile care supravietuiesc sunt acelea care au reusit pe seama rivalilor situati la acelasi nivel al ierarhiei. In contextul de fata, acesta este sensul real al cuvantului "egoist". Intrebarea care se pune este la ce nivel are loc actiunea? La baza ideii de &lt;em&gt;gena egoista, &lt;/em&gt;cu accentul pus pe primul cuvant, sta ideea ca unitatea de baza a selectiei naturale nu este organismul egoist, nici grupul sau specia egoista, nici ecosistemul egoist, ci &lt;em&gt;gena&lt;/em&gt; egoista. Gena este aceea care, sub forma informatiei, fie supravietuieste de-a lungul generatiilor, fie nu. Spre deosebire de gena (si implicit de mema), organismul, grupul, specia, nu sunt entitati potrivite pentru a servi ca unitate de transmitere a informatiei, deoarece nu sunt capabile sa se transmita fara a se modifica, si nu concureaza cu alte entitati similare. Aceasta insusire este specifica genei, si motivul pentru care este logic sa o consideram ca unitatea de 'egoism" prin excelenta, in sensul atribuit de darwinism.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;(fragment din &lt;em&gt;The God Delusion&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-3701709630106946600?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/3701709630106946600/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=3701709630106946600' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3701709630106946600'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3701709630106946600'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/11/simtul-nostru-moral-are-origini_16.html' title='Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (II)'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-5641392256022187929</id><published>2007-11-15T22:29:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:08:52.032+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='altruism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (I)</title><content type='html'>&lt;p align="justify"&gt;Avand in vedere ca peisajul editorial romanesc se lasa asteptat in a oferi publicului cititor traduceri ale poate celui mai titrat biolog al momentului, Richard Dawkins, mi-am luat libertatea de a initia, incepand cu aceasta ocazie, o serie de traduceri ale unor fragmente din opera cunoscutului om de stiinta.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;*&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;O serie de carti, printre care &lt;em&gt;Why God is Good&lt;/em&gt;, de Robert Hinde, &lt;em&gt;The Science of Good and Evil&lt;/em&gt;, de Michael Shermer, &lt;em&gt;Can We Be Good Without God?&lt;/em&gt;, de Robert Buckman, sau &lt;em&gt;Moral Minds&lt;/em&gt;, de Mark Hauser, sustin ca simtul binelui si raului poate fi pus in legatura cu trecutul nostru darwinian. Aceasta sectiune este versiunea mea asupra subiectului.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;La prima vedere, asertiunea darwiniana potrivit careia evolutia este dirijata de catre selectia naturala pare improprie pentru a explica bunatatea pe care, noi oamenii, o posedam, precum si simtul moralitatii, al decentei, al empatiei sau milei. Selectia naturala este potrivita pentru a explica foamea, teama sau pornirile sexuale, tot ceea ce contribuie in mod nemijlocit la supravietuirea noastra sau la perpetuarea genelor noastre. Insa cum ramane de justificat compasiunea care ne cuprinde cand vedem un copil orfan plangand, o vaduva disperata de singuratate, sau un animal in agonia unei dureri? Ce anume ne determina sa trimitem ajutoare anonime victimelor tsunami-ului, aflati de cealalta parte a lumii, si pe care nu-i vom intalni niciodata fata in fata, si care, cel mai probabil, nu ne vor putea intoarce niciodata favorul? Unde isi are originea bunul samaritean din noi? Nu este bunatatea incompatibila cu teoria 'genei egoiste'? Nu. Este o interpretare gresita a teoriei, si oarecum previzibila. Este necesar sa accentuam cuvantul potrivit. Acentul trebuie pus pe &lt;em&gt;gena&lt;/em&gt; egoista, spre deosebire de organismul egoist, sau specia egoista. Dati-mi voie sa ma explic.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align="justify"&gt;(fragment din &lt;em&gt;The God Delusion&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-5641392256022187929?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/5641392256022187929/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=5641392256022187929' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5641392256022187929'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5641392256022187929'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/11/simtul-nostru-moral-are-origini.html' title='Simtul nostru moral are origini darwiniene? (I)'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8247281659067614105</id><published>2007-10-18T20:24:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:12:02.912+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Nick Bostrom'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='transhumanism'/><title type='text'>The Future of Human Evolution/ Viitorul Evolutiei Umane</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;The following paper is the best, the most visionary, and the most inspired paper on human (and transhuman) evolution that I ever read. You can find it on the author's homepage: &lt;a href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/"&gt;http://www.nickbostrom.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;Urmatoarea lucrare este cea mai de calitate, mai vizionara si mai inspirata lucrare despre evolutia umana (si transumana) pe care am avut ocazia sa o citesc. O puteti gasi la pagina oficiala a autorului: &lt;a href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/"&gt;http://www.nickbostrom.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;The Future of Human Evolution&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Nick Bostrom (2004)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/"&gt;http://www.nickbostrom.com/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Published in: Death and Anti-Death: Two Hundred Years After Kant, Fifty Years After Turing, ed. Charles Tandy (Ria University Press: Palo Alto, California, 2004), pp. 339-371.]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;ABSTRACT. Evolution is sometimes thought of as exhibiting an inexorable trend towards higher, more complex, and normatively worthwhile forms of life. This paper explores some dystopian scenarios where freewheeling evolutionary developments, while continuing to produce complex and intelligent forms of organization, lead to the gradual elimination of all forms of being that we care about. We then discuss how such catastrophic outcomes could be avoided and argue that under certain conditions the only possible remedy would be a globally coordinated policy to control human evolution by modifying the fitness function of future intelligent life forms.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. The Panglossian view&lt;br /&gt;Can we trust evolutionary development to take our species in broadly desirable directions? Starting from primitive, unconscious life, biological evolution has led to the development of ever more advanced organisms, including creatures that have minds, consciousness, language, and reason. More recently, cultural and technological development, which exhibit some parallels with biological evolution, have enabled our species to progress at a vastly accelerated pace, with enormous improvements occurring in the past few hundred years in human life-span, labor productivity, scientific knowledge, and social and political organization, which enable billions of people to enjoy unprecedented opportunities for enjoyment and personal development. On a historical as well as on a geological timescale, the big picture shows an overarching trend towards increasing levels of complexity, knowledge, consciousness, and coordinated goal-directed organization, a trend which, not to put too fine a point on it, we may label “progress”.&lt;a name="_ftnref1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What we shall call the Panglossian view maintains that this past record of success gives us good grounds for thinking that evolution (whether biological, memetic, or technological) will continue to lead in desirable directions. This Panglossian view, however, can be criticized on at least two grounds. First, because we have no reason to think that all this past progress was in any sense inevitable – much of it may, for all we know, have been due to luck. And second, because even if the past progress were to some extent inevitable, there is no guarantee that the melioristic trend will continue into the indefinite future.&lt;br /&gt;The first objection derives some degree of support from the consideration that an observation selection effect is operating to filter the evidence we can have about the success of our own evolutionary development.&lt;a name="_ftnref2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; Suppose it was true that on 99.9% of all planets where life emerged, it went extinct before developing to the point where intelligent observers could begin to ponder their origin. If this were the case, what should we expect to observe? Answer: something similar to what we do in fact observe. Clearly, the hypothesis that the odds of intelligent life developing on a given planet are low does not predict that we should find ourselves on a planet where life went extinct at an early stage. Instead, it predicts that we should find ourselves on a planet where intelligent life evolved, even if such planets constitute a very small fraction of all planets where primitive life evolved. The long track record of life’s success in our evolutionary past, which one may naively take to support the hypothesis that life’s prospects are in general good and that there is something approaching inevitability to the rise of higher organisms from simple replicators, turns out, after reflecting on the overwhelming observation selection effect filtering the possible evidence we could have, not to offer any such support at all, because this is the very same evidence that we should expect to have if the optimistic hypothesis were false. A much more careful examination of the details of our evolutionary history would be needed to circumvent this selection effect. We will not undertake such an examination in the present paper.&lt;a name="_ftnref3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This paper will instead focus on the second objection to the Panglossian view. Even if the rise of intelligent life from simple replicators were a robust and nearly inevitable process, this would not give us strong grounds for thinking that the good trend will continue. One possibility, of course, is that a catastrophic event may cause the sudden extinction of the human species. Some existential risks arise from nature, e.g. impact hazards (meteors and asteroids), pandemics, astrophysical disasters, and supervolcano eruptions. But the greatest existential risks are anthropogenic and arise, more specifically, from present or anticipated future technological developments. Destructive uses of advanced molecular nanotechnology, designer pathogens, future nuclear arms races, high-energy physics experiments, and self-enhancing AI with an ill-conceived goal system are among the worrisome prospects that could cause the human world to end in a bang. Here, however, we shall explore a different set of existential risks in which the world would end more gradually, not with a bang but a whimper.&lt;a name="_ftnref4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; Let us therefore suppose that no sudden cataclysm puts an end to life. Let us also set aside scenarios in which evolution leads to the erosion of complexity. We shall explore how, even if evolutionary development continues unabated in the direction of greater complexity, things could nevertheless take a wrong turn leading to the disappearance of all the things we value.&lt;br /&gt;This paper will not claim that this is what will happen. The aim, rather, is to undermine our confidence in the Panglossian view and to suggest that a more agnostic stance better reflects the available evidence. We will examine a couple of scenarios in which freewheeling evolutionary developments take us in undesirable directions, and we will argue that if the future evolutionary fitness landscape is such as to make these evolutionary courses the default (and we have no strong reason either for or against this assumption), then the only way we could avoid long-term existential disaster is by taking control of our own evolution. Doing this, it will further be argued, would require the development of a “singleton,” a world order in which at the highest level of organization there is only one independent decision-making power (which may be, but need not be, a world government).&lt;br /&gt;2. Two dystopian “upward” evolutionary scenarios&lt;br /&gt;In this section we will present two scenarios in which human evolution, potentiated by the advanced technology, leads in directions that we should regard as highly undesirable.&lt;br /&gt;Scenario I: The Mindless Outsourcers&lt;br /&gt;Technological progress continues to accelerate and at some point mind the technology of “uploading” becomes possible.&lt;a name="_ftnref5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn5"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt; Some human individuals upload and make many copies of themselves. Meanwhile, there is gradual progress in neuroscience and artificial intelligence, and eventually it becomes possible to isolate individual cognitive modules and connect them up to modules from other uploaded minds. Possibly, modules would need to be trained before they can communicate with each other effectively. Modules that conform to a common standard would be better able to communicate and cooperate with other modules and would therefore be economically more productive, creating a pressure for standardization. There might be multiple standards; some modules might specialize in translating between incompatible standards. Competitive uploads begin outsourcing increasing portions of their functionality: “Why do I need to know arithmetic when I can buy time on Arithmetic-Modules Inc. whenever I need to do my accounts? Why do I need to be good with language when I can hire a professional language module to articulate my thoughts? Why do I need to bother with making decisions about my personal life when there are certified executive-modules that can scan my goal structure and manage my assets so as to best fulfill my goals?” Some uploads might prefer to retain most of their functionality and handle tasks themselves that could be more efficiently done by others. They would be like hobbyists who enjoy growing their own vegetables or knitting their own cardigans; but they would be less efficient than some other uploads, and they would consequently be outcompeted over time.&lt;br /&gt;It is possible that optimum efficiency will be attained by grouping abilities in aggregates that are roughly human-equivalent. It might be the case, for example, that a math-module must be tailored to fit the language-module, and that both must be tailored to fit the executive-module, in order for all three to be able to work together effectively. Standardization might be almost completely unworkable. But it is hard to see any compelling reason for being confident that this is so. For aught we know, human-type minds may be optimal only given the constraints of human neurology. When it becomes possible to copy modules at will, to send high-bandwidth signals between parts of different brains, and to build architectures that cannot readily be implemented on biological neural nets, it might turn out that the optima relative to this new constraints-landscape have shifted away from the human-like mind region. There might be no niche for mental architectures of a human kind.&lt;a name="_ftnref6"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn6"&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There might be ecological niches for complexes that are either less complex (such as individual modules), more complex (such as vast colonies of modules), or of similar complexity as human minds but with radically different architectures. Would these complexes be worthwhile from our current point of view? Do we, upon reflection, really favor a world in which such alien types of complexes have replaced human-type complexes?&lt;br /&gt;The answer may depend on the precise nature of those alien complexes. The present world contains many levels of organization. Some highly complex entities such as multinational corporations and nation states contain human beings as constituents. Yet we usually assign these high-level complexes only instrumental value. Corporations and states are not (it is generally assumed) conscious; they cannot feel phenomenal pain or pleasure. We think they are of value only to the extent that they serve human needs. In cases where they do not contribute to the welfare of any sentient creature, we “kill” them without compunction.&lt;a name="_ftnref7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn7"&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt; There are also lower levels of organization in today’s world, and the entities inhabiting these levels are not accorded significant moral value either. We do we think it is wrong to erase a piece of computer code. Nor do not think that a neurosurgeon is harming anyone when she extirpates a module (maybe containing an epileptic center) from a human brain if the operation helps the remaining parts of the brain to function better. As for alien forms of complexes of the same complexity as a human brain, most of us would assign them value only if we thought that they had a capacity for conscious experience.&lt;br /&gt;We can thus imagine a technologically highly advanced society, containing many sorts of complex structures, some of which are much smarter and more intricate than anything that exists today, in which there would nevertheless be a complete absence of any type of being whose welfare has moral significance. In a sense, this would be an uninhabited society. All the kinds of being that we care even remotely about would have vanished.&lt;br /&gt;What would make such a world valueless is not the fact that machines would have replaced biological humans. Whether a mind is implemented on biological neurons or on silicon processors seems to make no fundamental moral difference. Rather, the catastrophe would be that such a world would not contain even the right kind of machines, i.e. ones that are conscious and whose welfare matters. There may be an abundance of economic wealth and technological capability in such a world, yet it would be of no avail because there would be nobody there to benefit from it.&lt;br /&gt;Scenario II: All-Work-And-No-Fun&lt;br /&gt;Even if we do not suppose that uploading and outsourcing will result in a widespread loss of consciousness, we can still entertain the possibility that intrinsically valuable activities and states of consciousness become rarer or disappear altogether. The extravagancies and fun that arguably give human life much of its meaning – humor, love, game-playing, art, sex, dancing, social conversation, philosophy, literature, scientific discovery, food and drink, friendship, parenting, sport – we have preferences and capabilities that make us engage in such activities, and these predispositions were adaptive in our species’ evolutionary past; but what ground do we have for being confident that these or similar activities will continue to be adaptive in the future? Perhaps what will maximize fitness in the future will be nothing but non-stop high-intensity drudgery, work of a drab and repetitive nature, aimed at improving the eighth decimal of some economic output measure. Even if the workers selected for in this scenario were conscious, the resulting world would still be radically impoverished in terms of the qualities that give value to life.&lt;br /&gt;To see why these evolutionary scenarios are not quite as improbable as they might appear, we shall consider briefly how we got to where we are today and whether the factors that led us to the evolution of both consciousness and interesting activities will necessarily continue to promote these valuable phenomena, or whether they might instead reflect a transient phase in the history of intelligent life.&lt;br /&gt;3. Ours is an evolutionary disequilibrium&lt;br /&gt;If you wanted to maximize the number of your offspring, your best strategy would probably be to donate as much sperm to sperm banks as you can if you are a male, or to become an egg donor if you are a female. We do not do this because we happen not to have any great desire for reproductive success abstractly conceived. Especially in developed countries, couples often choose to have far fewer children than the maximum they could support, and welfare programs would ensure the survival of any number of children that a couple could not support. Human nature is in an evolutionary disequilibrium; our evolved dispositions are not adapted to the contemporary fitness landscape and do not maximize the inclusive fitness of current individuals.&lt;a name="_ftnref8"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn8"&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If technology and social organization were magically frozen in their present state, the human species would likely evolve preferences that more fully reflected the modern fitness function. This could happen by our developing a direct preference for reproductive success (as contrasted to preferences for sex, child rearing, etc.). Alternatively, we might develop a strong instinctual aversion against the use of birth control. It is also possible that cultural evolution would act faster than biological evolution, producing a dominant meme set favoring plentiful offspring and opposing all forms of birth control.&lt;a name="_ftnref9"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn9"&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Population growth is limited not only by our relative lack of interest in having children but also by the biology of human reproduction and maturation. Couples can only produce about one child per year and it takes a newborn about a decade and a half to reach sexual maturity. Even these physiological inhibitors of population growth may be reduced. While biological evolution could probably reduce the duration of human pregnancy and time to puberty to some extent, much more radical effects could result from technological developments. Uploads (and artificial intelligences) could reproduce virtually instantaneously. Moreover, since their “offspring” (copies) would be identical to the original, there would no maturational latency. Population growth in an upload population could be rapidly exponential, with a potential doubling time of days or less.&lt;br /&gt;The current unprecedented level of average global income is the result of the world economy having for a long time been growing faster than world population. Average income can only rise if economic growth exceeds population growth. If and when the motivational and physiological impediments to population growth are reduced, population growth rate would start accelerating, potentially reaching “near infinity” when uploading becomes possible. Economic growth would be unable to keep up with population growth in a population of freely reproducing uploads. If a welfare program sought to guarantee a minimum income for uploads while permitting unlimited reproduction, it would very quickly go bankrupt even given stellar economic growth rates.&lt;a name="_ftnref10"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn10"&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt; If social limitations were not imposed on reproduction, resource constraints would kick in and drive average income down to a level that made frequent reproduction impossible.&lt;a name="_ftnref11"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn11"&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These reflections warn us against naively importing intuitions about the current state of affairs into our thinking about the future. Malthusian pessimism might appear to have been refuted by the history of the last two hundred years.&lt;a name="_ftnref12"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn12"&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt; Living conditions have been improving even in the absence of population control, contrary to Malthus’s notorious prediction. This anomaly, however, is explained by the factors mentioned above: our preferences not being in an evolutionary equilibrium and the slowness of human reproduction. If further evolutionary or technological developments were to remove these inhibiting factors, population growth rates could easily come to exceed economic growth, ushering in a Malthusian era where average income hovers close to subsistence level. With unconstrained upload reproduction, this transition could happen almost instantaneously.&lt;br /&gt;4. Costly signaling and flamboyant display?&lt;br /&gt;We do many things which are not in a narrow sense instrumentally useful: we dance, joke, write poetry, throw parties, go on vacations, dress up in expensive fashionable clothing, watch and participate in sports, and so on. That we are currently in an evolutionary disequilibrium does not account for this, because even our Pleistocene ancestors exhibited many of these “useless” behaviors. Indeed, many animal species engage in analogous activities, especially in the contexts of courtship displays and status contests.&lt;br /&gt;[Flamboyant displays] appear in a variety of contexts, ranging from sexual selection contests in the animal world, to prestige contests among members of contemporary nation states that span continents with huge road-systems, and even land people on the Moon.&lt;a name="_ftnref13"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn13"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An evolutionary explanation for the existence of such behaviors is that they function as hard-to-fake signals of important qualities that are difficult to observe directly, such as bodily or mental fitness, social status, quality of allies, ability and willingness to prevail in a fight, or possession of resources. Not only behavior or but morphology, too, can serve as a signal – the peacock’s tail being a paradigm example. An extravagant tail is a handicap that only fit peacocks can afford, and peahens have evolved to be sexually attracted by such tails because they are indicators of genetic fitness.&lt;a name="_ftnref14"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn14"&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Given that flamboyant display is so common among both humans and other species, one might consider whether it would not also be part of the repertoire of technologically more mature life forms. We might hope that even in if there were to be no narrowly instrumental use for play or even for conscious minds in the future ecology of intelligent life, these features might nonetheless confer evolutionary advantages to their possessors by virtue of being reliable signals of other adaptive qualities. Yet while this possibility is hard to rule out, there are several reasons for skepticism that undermine the confidence prescribed by the Panglossian view.&lt;br /&gt;First, many of the flamboyant displays we find in nature are related to sexual selection.&lt;a name="_ftnref15"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn15"&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt; Yet reproduction among technologically mature life forms may well be asexual. In particular, this is so in the uploading scenario described above.&lt;br /&gt;Second, new methods of reliably communicating information about oneself might be available to technologically mature creatures, methods that do not rely on flamboyant display. Even today, professional lenders tend to rely more on ownership certificates, bank statements, and the like, than on costly displays such as designer suits and Rolex watches. In the future, it might be possible to employ auditing firms that can verify through direct inspection that a client possesses a claimed attribute. Signaling one’s qualities by such auditing may be much more efficient than signaling via flamboyant display. Such a professionally mediated signal would still be costly to fake (this is of course the essential feature that makes the signal reliable), but the signal could be much cheaper to transmit than a flamboyantly communicated one when it is truthful.&lt;br /&gt;Third, not all possible costly or “flamboyant” displays are ones which we should regard as intrinsically valuable:&lt;br /&gt;[Costly] signaling does not only take the form provisioning public goods that enhance group benefits. Many costly signals take the form of “waste” where expenditures do not confer any group benefit… In the American Northwest, the Kwakiutl potlatch ceremonies involved the public destruction of vast amounts of accumulated wealth in the context of chiefly competition.&lt;a name="_ftnref16"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn16"&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;While humor, music, and poetry can plausibly be said to enhance the intrinsic quality of human life – aside from any social benefits – it is more dubious that the same claim can be sustained with regard to the costly pursuit of fashion trends or with regard to macho posturing leading to gang violence or military bravado. Even if future intelligent life forms would use costly signaling, it is thus an open question whether the signal would be intrinsically valuable: whether it would be like the nightingale’s rapturous song or more like the toad’s monosyllabic croak.&lt;br /&gt;5. Two senses of outcompeted&lt;br /&gt;We should distinguish two different senses in which a species can be outcompeted by other life forms. In the scenarios presented in section 2, the outsourcing uploads and the all-work-no-play agents were postulated to outcompete the agents that retained consciousness and hobbyist interests (we shall term the latter eudaemonic agents). One thing this could mean is that the former types of agent gradually obtain the resources originally held the eudaemonic agents, so that the latter eventually run out of resources and become extinct. This is the typical evolutionary outcome when one type of organism outcompetes another.&lt;br /&gt;But we could also conceive of the case where the eudaemonic agents continue to exist indefinitely, perhaps in undiminished numbers, and are outcompeted only in the sense of comprising a steadily declining fraction of the total population of agents and of controlling an ever-decreasing fraction of the world’s total wealth. It is questionable whether the eudaemonic agents could in the long run prevent their fitness-maximizing competitors from engulfing them and expropriating their property. But even if the eudaemonic agents could do this, and escape extinction, the outcome would still be a disaster because it would entail a tremendous loss of opportunity. Like a ravaging fire, the fitness-maximizers would gobble up resources that would otherwise have been used for more meaningful purposes by the eudaemonic agents.&lt;a name="_ftnref17"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn17"&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. Could we control our own evolution?&lt;br /&gt;Suppose we could foresee that one of the dystopian evolutionary scenarios described above represents the default course of development of our species. What would then be our options?&lt;br /&gt;One response would be to sit back and let things slide. We could bolster our passivity by contemplating the greater evolutionary fitness of the non-eudaemonic agents: being more fit, are they not more worthy possessors of the world’s resources? While few would endorse this argument in its explicit form, it is quite possible that certain related thoughts – perhaps deference to the “natural order” or acceptance of the idea that might makes right – may have found a hiding place in the dark corners of some minds. We can expel such notions by reminding ourselves that if a doomsday plague emerged and killed all mammals, this would not imply that the pathogens’ “victory” was a good thing, even though it would mean that the plague had proven fitter.&lt;br /&gt;Another response would be to lament the dystopian outcome but conclude that nothing could be done to prevent it. If outsourcing or constant toil has a higher fitness-value than eudaemonic living, does not evolution theory then entail that the eudaemonic agents will disappear? Yet as we shall see, the future need not be hopeless even if the default course of evolution is dystopian. Evolution made us what we are, but no fundamental principle stands in the way of our developing the capability to intervene in the default course of events in order to steer future evolution towards a destiny more congenial to human values.&lt;br /&gt;Directing out own evolution, however, requires coordination. If the default evolutionary course is dystopian, it would take coordinated paddling to turn the ship of humanity in a more favorable direction. If only some individuals chose the eudaemonic alternative while others pursued fitness-maximization, then, by assumption, it would be the latter that would prevail. Fitness-maximizing variants, even if they started out as a minority, would be preferentially selected for at the expense of eudaemonic agents, and a process would be set in motion that would inexorably lead to the minimization or disappearance of eudaemonic qualities, and the non-eudaemonic agents would left to run the show.&lt;br /&gt;To this problem there are only two possible solutions: preventing non-eudaemonic variants from arising in the first place, or modifying the fitness function so that eudaemonic traits become fitness-maximizing. Let us examine these two options in turn.&lt;br /&gt;7. Preventing non-eudaemonic agents from arising&lt;br /&gt;It is quite plausible to suppose that technologically advanced life forms would be able to prevent unwanted mutations from occurring, at least if we understand “mutation” in a narrow sense. Cryptographic methods and error correcting codes could reduce transmission errors and copying errors to negligible levels. The control systems of nanotechnological replicators could be encrypted in such a way as to make them evolution-proof (any random change would be virtually certain to completely destroy the replicator).&lt;a name="_ftnref18"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn18"&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt; For uploads, avoiding reproductive mutation may simply be a matter of performing multiple verifications that the copy is identical to the original before it is run. Even for biological creatures unaided by nanotechnology, sufficiently advanced gene technology should make it possible to scan all embryos for unwanted mutations, and ordinary genetic recombination could be avoided with the use of reproductive cloning.&lt;br /&gt;Source code mutation and genetic recombination are not, however, the only ways in which new variants with unanticipated properties can arise. Consider again the uploading scenario where uploads outsource much of their functionality and share mental modules. Recombining different modules could result in unexpected emergent phenomena. Likewise, the enhancement of various cognitive or emotional capacities, or the installment of entirely new capacities, could produce combinatorial effects that may not be fully predictable. Ordinary growth and maturation of an individual could lead to the development of a fitness-maximizing non-eudaemonic character even where none is manifest at conception. Novel memetic influences might also trigger non-eudaemonic tendencies. So while it is plausible that an advanced life form could avoid random mutations in its source code, it is more dubious that it would be able to predict and avoid emergent effects of growth, enhancement, and learning in individuals or in interacting communities of developing agents. Preventing fitness-maximizing non-eudaemonic variants from occasionally arising may be infeasible or may require creating a completely static society where individual experimentation and enhancement are banned and where no social reorganization is permitted. Such a fossilized world seems intrinsically undesirable.&lt;a name="_ftnref19"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn19"&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even if dangerous mutants could be prevented from arising, it would be to no avail if the original population already contained some individuals with non-eudaemonic fitness-maximizing preferences, because these would then proliferate and eventually dominate. And we can surely assume that at least some current human individuals would upload if they could, would make many copies of themselves if they were uploads, and would happily embrace outsourcing or forego leisure if they could thereby increase their fitness. These individuals would somehow have to disappear from the population, and it is hard to see any practical and ethical way in which this could happen.&lt;br /&gt;Forestalling the dystopian evolutionary scenarios by preventing non-eudaemonic agents from arising is therefore a non-starter. At most, this measure could serve an auxiliary role. In particular cases, it might make good sense to try to reduce the frequency with which dangerous mutants are spawned – in cases where this can be done relatively inexpensively, in an ethically acceptable way, and where clear and specific harms can be foreseen. For example, we might in the future pass laws against building powerful artificial intelligences with goal systems that are hostile to human values. But we cannot rely on this strategy alone to prevent a dystopian evolutionary scenario if such a scenario should happen to be the default.&lt;br /&gt;8. Modifying the fitness function&lt;br /&gt;The second option is to modify the fitness function so that eudaemonic agents continue to have at least some niche in which they are fitness-maximizing.&lt;br /&gt;The differential reproductive success of human gene- or meme-types is determined not only by the natural habitat in which they live in but also by their social environment. Social institutions, laws, and other people’s attitudes define the choices open to us as individuals and determine the effects that these choices have on our inclusive fitness. Social structures could be arranged in a manner that reduce the fitness of non-eudaemonic types and enhance the fitness of eudaemonic types. These structures, if stable enough, could constrain evolutionary development to a set of trajectories on which the eudaemonic type flourishes.&lt;br /&gt;It would be misleading to characterize such intervention as “helping the weak and unfit”. The way society is set up partially defines which types are fit and “strong” (in the sense of being able to use available means to proliferate). If we want to avoid evolutionary trajectories that lead to a region of state space where the qualities we value are extinct or marginalized, then social sculpting of the conditions for reproductive success might our only recourse. The term “reproductive success” here covers not only biological sexual reproduction but also upload duplication and in general the spread of forms of organizations. Social shaping of the conditions for reproductive success is, of course, a fact of life for every organism that lives in societies; but the suggestion here is that it might become necessary to deliberately adjust these conditions so that they favor eudaemonic types.&lt;br /&gt;We clearly do not need to remold all niches so that they favor eudaemonic agents. Doing that would be tantamount to working towards the elimination of all non-eudaemonic agents. But many non-eudaemonic agents are harmless; many are indeed highly useful to the eudaemonic agents. Just as current human beings benefit from other species, which pose no serious threat to the human species, so too may technologically more advanced agents benefit from the existence of an ecology of non-eudaemonic agents. Such non-eudaemonic agents could serve economically useful functions. Only those non-eudaemonic agents that threaten to invade the niche occupied by the eudaemonic agents pose an evolutionary hazard; or more precisely (since the eudaemonic agents could potentially move from one niche to another), the concern pertains to such non-eudaemonic agents as would reduce the total size of the niches available to eudaemonic types. The goal is to maximize the total quantity of resources possessed by eudaemonic agents, or at any rate to prevent this quantity from falling to zero. Non-eudaemonic agents, even if they reduce the fraction of resources possessed by eudaemonic agents, could on balance be beneficial if they also increased the total amount of resources available. Non-sentient property-owning robots, for example, could theoretically have that effect.&lt;br /&gt;9. Policies for evolutionary steering&lt;br /&gt;What kind of intervention would be required to shape social conditions so that they favor eudaemonic types? One simple but crude method would be to ban outsourcing (and other kinds of non-eudaemonic phenotypes). Such a ban, however, would be costly since we are assuming that many productive tasks are most efficiently accomplished through outsourcing. A more efficient approach would be to tax outsourcing and subsidize eudaemonic cognitive architectures. That way, outsourcing would be used for the tasks where it brings the greatest returns and the level of taxation could be set at a level that ensures that the eudaemonic type continues to thrive.&lt;br /&gt;One might think that there would be no economic rationale for subsidizing the eudaemonic type, because to the extent that we value this type we would be willing to spend their own money on ensuring its existence, perhaps by devoting ourselves to eudaemonic activities. We do not, in today’s world, see any special need to encourage present consumption by taxing investment. Might not individuals acting in a free market allocate their resources optimally between eudaemonic “consumption” and non-eudaemonic “investment” (in enterprises that may produce resources that could later been eudaemonically consumed)? There are at least three potential reasons for being skeptical that the invisible hand would by itself orchestrate a workable, much less optimal, solution to the problem non-eudaemonic competition.&lt;br /&gt;First, property rights may not always be perfectly enforced. If non-eudaemonic types emerge and become immensely powerful, they might rob the eudaemonic agents. Such robbery could be blatant, as in a big coup or in a series of minor assaults by non-eudaemonic groups or individuals; or it could take a more subtle form, as in influencing governments to enact legislation unfairly favoring non-eudaemonic interests. Eudaemonic agents could also rob non-eudaemonic agents, but because they would be less productive one would expect a net flow of resources to non-eudaemonic agents. Even if existing property rights were enforced, there would remain the vast opportunity cost of having the non-eudemonic agents colonizing the cosmic commons for which property rights have not yet been assigned.&lt;a name="_ftnref20"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn20"&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Second, the values of the initial eudaemonic population may not be forever preserved. Such preservation would require either that the initial eudaemonic agents do not die and that their eudaemonic preference do not change over the eons, or else that they choose to reproduce almost exclusively in ways that transmit their eudaemonic preferences to their progeny in undiluted form. If there were occasional crossovers where eudaemonic agents develop non-eudaemonic preference, or have offspring with such preferences, then this would need to be counterbalanced by an at least equally great flux in the opposite direction. We have already discussed the problem of preventing such crossovers from occurring.&lt;a name="_ftnref21"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn21"&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Third, if the existence of a thriving hobbyist population is a public good (i.e. non-rivalrous and non-excludable), it will be undersupplied by the market. You and I and a million other people might all desire that there be eudaemonic agents in the world a long time from now. Each of us realizes that our individual actions will have but a negligible effect on the outcome. We therefore each spend our resources on other goals, and the result is that the eudaemonic type disappears. This is compatible with our agreeing that our interests would have been better served if some fraction of our resources had been set aside in a eudaemonics conservation fund. The provision of the global public good – in this case the continued existence of eudaemonic types into the indefinite future – has been thwarted by the free-rider problem.&lt;br /&gt;For these three reasons, there is cause to doubt that a laissez-fair approach would give adequate protection to the eudaemonic type. But before we move on, let us consider again the first of these objections to the laissez-fair approach in a little more detail.&lt;br /&gt;10. Detour&lt;br /&gt;The concern was that it might be infeasible to ensure that property rights are perfectly enforced. Agents may occasionally steal each other’s resources; or in a more extreme scenario, there may be a general war for resources. However, there seems no reason for thinking that such feuds would be a neatly bipolar contest between two grand coalitions, the eudaemonic and the non-eudaemonic agents fighting on opposing sides. Instead, there might be various and shifting alliances between individual eudaemonic and non-eudaemonic agents. In such a conflict, there would be a net social loss in terms of expenditure on protection and security services, armaments, and probably also in terms of casualties and collateral damage. There would almost certainly be an additional opportunity cost in terms of wasted opportunities for collaboration. But assuming no doomsday weapons is deployed that causes the extinction of the entire population of intelligent life forms (which is not an innocuous supposition) we may still wonder whether such a conflict would necessarily lead to the eventual extinction of the eudaemonic type.&lt;br /&gt;Since what we have here is a case of two kinds of organism being locked in a struggle for the same resource niche, where one kind is more efficient than the other, one might expect, on ecological grounds, that the less efficient kind will eventually die out. (Some of the eudaemonic agents may survive but at price of losing their eudaemonic inclinations or being forced, in order to remain competitive, to forever keep those inclinations suppressed.) But it is, in fact, not at all clear that this is what would happen. The situation differs from the case of competition between more primitive life forms such as plants and animals. The agents involved in this struggle can form strategic alliances. Moreover, by contrast to current human political competition, where alliances shift over time, it might be possible for more advanced life forms to verifiably commit themselves permanently to a particular alliance (perhaps using mind-scanning techniques and technologies for controlling motivation). If such permanent commitments are possible, then when war breaks out, various budding coalitions may bargain for the allegiance of unaffiliated individuals. At this stage, some eudaemonic agents may strike favorable deals with what turns out to be the winning coalition. After victory, the agents in the winning coalition could not, by assumption, shift their allegiances, so the surviving eudaemonic agents may then have their security guaranteed in perpetuo.&lt;br /&gt;11. Only a singleton could control evolution&lt;br /&gt;Even if the survivors of such a contest would in the end get to enjoy perpetual peace, they would have got there by a costly and risky detour. We could reach the same destination more directly, avoiding the wastage and attrition and some of the risk of conflict, by creating a singleton. The stable alliance that we speculated might form at the end of the conflict would in effect be a global regime that could enforce basic laws for its members; in other words, it would be a kind of singleton. In order to be assured of stability, it would not only have to lack external competitors but it its domestic affairs would have to be regulated in such a fashion that no internal challenges to its constitution could arise. This would require that the alliance implements a coordinated policy to prevent internal developments from ushering it onto an evolutionary trajectory that ends up toppling its constitutional agreement, and doing this would presumably involve modifying the fitness function for its internal ecology of agents, e.g. by means of a separate tax codes for eudaemonic and non-eudaemonic agents combined, perhaps, with an outright ban on the creation of agents of the most dangerous types.&lt;br /&gt;Reining in evolution is a feat that could only be accomplished by a singleton. A local power might be able to control the evolution of its own internal ecology, yet unless these interventions served to maximize its total productivity (which would be incompatible with affirmative action for eudaemonic activities), evolutionary selection would simply reemerge at a higher level. Those powers that opted to maximize their economic rather than their eudaemonic productivity would outperform rival powers that were less single-mindedly fixated on advancing their competitive situation, and in the long run the eudaemonic powers would become marginalized or extinct or would be forced to rescind their eudaemonic policies. In this context, the “long run” may actually be quite short, especially in the uploading scenario where reproduction could be extremely rapid. Moreover, if the eudaemonic powers could anticipate that they would be outcompeted if they continued with their eudaemonic activities, they may decide to scale back on such activities even before they were overrun by the non-eudaemonic powers. Such anticipatory effects could produce immediate manifestations of evolutionary developments that would otherwise take a long time to unfold. The upshot, in either case, would be a tremendous loss of eudaemonic potential.&lt;br /&gt;A singleton could prevent this unfortunate outcome by promoting eudaemonic types and activities within its own jurisdiction.&lt;a name="_ftnref22"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn22"&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt; Since a singleton would lack external competitors, there would be no higher level at which evolutionary selection could gain foothold and start penalizing the singleton’s policy of non-maximization of economic productivity.&lt;br /&gt;A singleton need not be a monolith (except in the trivial sense that it has some kind of mechanism or decision procedure that enables it to solve internal coordination problems). There are many possible singleton constitutions: a singleton could be a democratic world government, a benevolent and overwhelmingly powerful superintelligent machine, a world dictatorship, a stable alliance of leading powers, or even something as abstract as a generally diffused moral code that included provisions for ensuring its own stability and enforcement.&lt;a name="_ftnref23"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn23"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt; A singleton could be a rather minimalist structure that need not get in the way much of the lives of its inhabitants. And it need not prohibit novelty and experimentation, since it would retain the capacity to intervene at a later stage to protect its constitution if some developments turned malignant.&lt;br /&gt;Increased social transparency, such as may result from advances in surveillance technology or lie detection, could facilitate the development of a singleton.&lt;a name="_ftnref24"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn24"&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt; Deliberate international political initiatives could also lead to the gradual emergence of a singleton, and such initiatives might be dramatically catalyzed by wild card events such as a series of cataclysms that highlighted the disadvantages of a fractured world order. It would be a mistake to judge the plausibility of the ultimate development of a singleton on the basis of ephemeral trends in current international affairs. The basic conditions shaping political realities may change as new technologies come online, and it is worth noting that the long-term historical trend is towards increasing scope of human coordination and political integration.&lt;a name="_ftnref25"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn25"&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt; If this trend continues, the logical culmination is a singleton.&lt;br /&gt;12. Conclusion&lt;br /&gt;Contrary to the Panglossian view, current evidence does not warrant any great confidence in the belief that the default course of future human evolution points in a desirable direction. In particular, we have examined a couple of dystopian scenarios in which evolutionary competition leads to the extinction of the life forms we regard as valuable. Intrinsically worthwhile experience could turn out not to be adaptive in the future.&lt;br /&gt;The only way to avoid these outcomes, if they do indeed represent the default trajectory, is to assume control over evolution. We argued that this would require the creation of a singleton. The singleton would lack external competitors and would have a sufficiently integrated decision mechanism that it could solve internal coordination problems, in particular the problem of how to reshape the fitness function for its internal agent ecology to favor eudaemonic types. A mere local power could also attempt to do this but it would thereby decrease its competitiveness and ensure its own eventual demise. Long-term control of evolution requires global coordination.&lt;br /&gt;A singleton could take a variety of forms and need not resemble a monolithic culture or a hive mind. Within the singleton there could be room for a wide range of different life forms, including ones that focus on non-eudaemonic goals. The singleton could ensure the survival and flourishing of the eudaemonic types by restricting the ownership rights of non-eudaemonic entities, by subsidizing eudaemonic activities, by guaranteeing the enforcement of property rights, by prohibiting the creation of agents with human-unfriendly values or psychopathic tendencies, or in a number of other ways. Such a singleton could guide evolutionary developments and prevent our cosmic commons from going to waste in a first-come-first-served colonization race.&lt;br /&gt;The reflections offered in this paper are not meant to be the final word on the matter. We do not know that a dystopian scenario is the default evolutionary outcome. Even if it is, and even if the creation of a singleton is the only way to forestall ultimate catastrophe, it is a separate question what policies it makes sense to promote in the here and now. While creating a singleton would help to reduce certain risks, it may at the same time increase others, such as the risk that an oppressive regime could become global and permanent. If our preliminary study serves to draw attention to some possibly non-obvious considerations and to stimulate more rigorous analytic work, its purpose will have been achieved.&lt;a name="_ftnref26"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftn26"&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;Bostrom, N. (2002), Anthropic Bias: Observation Selection Effects in Science and Philosophy. New York: Routledge.&lt;br /&gt;——— (2002), "Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards", Journal of Evolution and Technology 9.&lt;br /&gt;——— The Transhumanist FAQ: v 2.1. World Transhumanist Association 2003. &lt;a href="http://transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq/"&gt;http://transhumanism.org/index.php/WTA/faq/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;——— (2004), "Transhumanist Values", in Fredrick Adams (ed.), Ethical Issues for the 21st Century: Philosophical Documentation Center Press.&lt;br /&gt;Brin, D. (1998), The Transparent Society. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.&lt;br /&gt;Carter, B. (1983), "The Anthropic Principle and its Implications for Biological Evolution", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 310:347-363.&lt;br /&gt;——— (1989), "The Anthropic Selection Principle and the Ultra-Darwinian Synthesis", in F. Bertola and U. Curi (eds.), The Anthropic Principle, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 33-63.&lt;br /&gt;Chislenko, A. Networking in the Mind Age 1996. &lt;a href="http://www.ethologic.com/sasha/mindage.html"&gt;http://www.ethologic.com/sasha/mindage.html&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Coase, R. H. (1937), "The Nature of the Firm", Economica 4 (16):386-405.&lt;br /&gt;Drexler, K. E. (1985), Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology. London: Forth Estate.&lt;br /&gt;Frank, R. H. (2000), Luxury Fever: Money and Happiness in an Era of Excess. Princeton: Princeton University Press.&lt;br /&gt;Glover, J. (1984), What Sort of People Should There Be?: Pelican.&lt;br /&gt;Gould, S. J. (1990), Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History: W. W. Norton &amp;amp; Company.&lt;br /&gt;Hanson, R. (1994), "What If Uploads Come First: The Crack of a Future Dawn", Extropy 6 (2).&lt;br /&gt;——— Burning the Cosmic Commons: Evolutionary Strategies for Interstellar Colonization 1998. &lt;a href="http://hanson.gmu.edu/filluniv.pdf"&gt;http://hanson.gmu.edu/filluniv.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;——— Must Early Life be Easy? The Rhythm of Major Evolutionary Transitions 1998. &lt;a href="http://hanson.berkeley.edu/"&gt;http://hanson.berkeley.edu/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Huxley, A. (1932), Brave New World. London: Chatto &amp;amp; Windus.&lt;br /&gt;Johnston, M. (1989), "Dispositional Theories of Value", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, supp. 63:139-174.&lt;br /&gt;Kansa, E. (2003), "Social Complexity and Flamboyant Display in Competition: More Thoughts on the Fermi Paradox", working paper.&lt;br /&gt;Kirk, K. M. (2001), "Natural Selection and Quantitative Genetics of Life-History Traits in Western Women: A Twin Study", Evolution 55 (2):432-435.&lt;br /&gt;Knight, L. U. The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 2001. &lt;a href="http://www.vhemt.org/"&gt;http://www.vhemt.org/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Leslie, J. (1996), The End of the World: The Science and Ethics of Human Extinction. London: Routledge.&lt;br /&gt;Lewis, D. (1989), "Dispositional Theories of Value", Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, supp. 63:113-137.&lt;br /&gt;Malthus, T. R. (1803), An Essay on the Principle of Population. 2nd ed. London: J. Johnson.&lt;br /&gt;Miller, G. (2000), The Mating Mind: How Sexual Choice Shaped the Evolution of Human Nature. New York: Doubleday.&lt;br /&gt;——— Moral Vision 2000. &lt;a href="http://www.unm.edu/%7Epsych/faculty/moral_vision.htm"&gt;http://www.unm.edu/~psych/faculty/moral_vision.htm&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;Minsky, M. (1988), Society of Mind. New York: Simon &amp;amp; Schuster.&lt;br /&gt;Moravec, H. (1989), Mind Children. Harvard: Harvard University Press.&lt;br /&gt;——— (1999), Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.&lt;br /&gt;Posner, R. (2004), Catastrophe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;br /&gt;Rees, M. (2003), Our Final Hour: A Scientist's Warning: How Terror, Error, and Environmental Disaster Threaten Humankind's Future in This Century - On Earth and Beyond: Basic Books.&lt;br /&gt;Rogers, J. L., and e. al. (2003), "Genetic Influence Helps Explain Variation in Human Fertility: Evidence From Recent Behavioural and Molecular Genetic Studies", Current Directions in Psychological Science 10 (5):184-188.&lt;br /&gt;Wright, R. (1999), Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny. New York: Pantheon Books.&lt;br /&gt;Zehavi, A., et al. (1999), The Handicap Principle: A Missing Piece of Darwin's Puzzle. Oxford: Oxford University Press.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref1"&gt;[1]&lt;/a&gt; For an argument that both geological and human history manifest such a trend towards greater complexity, see (Wright 1999). For an opposing argument (criticized in chapter 9 of Wright’s book), see (Gould 1990).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref2"&gt;[2]&lt;/a&gt; For the theory of observation selection effects, see (Bostrom 2002) and references therein.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref3"&gt;[3]&lt;/a&gt; But see e.g. (Carter 1983, 1989; Bostrom 2002; Hanson 1998).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref4"&gt;[4]&lt;/a&gt; For more on existential risks, and the classification of these into “bangs”, “whimpers”, and other categories, see (Bostrom 2002); also (Leslie 1996; Rees 2003; Posner 2004).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref5"&gt;[5]&lt;/a&gt; In uploading, a detailed map is created of the neural network of a biological brain, perhaps by using nanotech dissemblers to decompose the brain, and an emulation of neuronal processes that previously took place in the brain are implemented on a computer in such a way that memory and personality is preserved. See e.g. (Moravec 1989; Drexler 1985; Bostrom 2003).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn6"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref6"&gt;[6]&lt;/a&gt; Some speculations on the future ecology of intelligent agents can be found in (Chislenko 1996; Moravec 1989; Moravec 1999); cmp. also (Minsky 1988). There is a vast economic literature on contracts, transaction costs, the size of the firm etc. that form a relevant background for thinking about the plausibility of the Outsourcing scenario, but a review of this literature is beyond the scope of this paper; the locus classicus is (Coase 1937).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn7"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref7"&gt;[7]&lt;/a&gt; Some fundamentalist nationalists may believe that a nation state has independent moral status and is entitled to human sacrifice even when no human need would be served. Most of us reject such views.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn8"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref8"&gt;[8]&lt;/a&gt; There is recent evidence of genetic influence on human fertility outcomes beyond what can be attributed to equilibrium mutation rates; see (Kirk 2001; Rogers and al. 2003).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn9"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref9"&gt;[9]&lt;/a&gt; There is already some data suggesting memetic effects on fitness. The expansion of the Hutterites, an Anabaptist sect, is attributable to their extremely high fertility rate. An average Hutterite woman gives birth to nine children. The Hutterites are opposed to any kind of birth control and see high fertility as a sign of divine blessing. Roman Catholic women have about 20% higher reproductive fitness than women of other religions (Kirk 2001). By contrast, supporters of VHEMT (The Voluntary Human Extinction Movement) have foresworn having children altogether, which would give them zero fitness (Knight 2001). University educated women have 35% lower fitness than those with less than seven years of education (Kirk 2001), and non-religious women also have lower than average fitness.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn10"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref10"&gt;[10]&lt;/a&gt; Even if we could colonize the universe in all directions at light speed, this would only increase the resources under human control polynomially (at a rate of ~ t2) whereas unconstrained population growth can easily be exponential (~ e t).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn11"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref11"&gt;[11]&lt;/a&gt; For an analysis of the economics of uploading, see (Hanson 1994).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn12"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref12"&gt;[12]&lt;/a&gt; Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), political economist and demographer, argued that the standard of living for the working class could not raised without population control because increased income would eventually lead to workers having more surviving children, which would drive wages back down again. But Malthus was not as thoroughly pessimistic as is commonly thought. In the second, rarely read, edition of his essay on population he writes: “Though our future prospects respecting the mitigation of the evils arising from the principle of population may not be as bright as we could wish, yet they are far from being entirely disheartening.” (Malthus 1803).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn13"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref13"&gt;[13]&lt;/a&gt; (Kansa 2003).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn14"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref14"&gt;[14]&lt;/a&gt; See e.g. (Zehavi et al. 1999).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn15"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref15"&gt;[15]&lt;/a&gt; See (Miller 2000).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn16"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref16"&gt;[16]&lt;/a&gt; (Kansa 2003). For a provocative take, see also (Frank 2000).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn17"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref17"&gt;[17]&lt;/a&gt; Strict enforcement of property rights might limit the destruction to resources not originally owned by the eudaemonic agents. The latter might even manage to salvage some additional resources by colonizing new territories, although eventually the opportunities for such acquisition would disappear as the fitness maximizers (being ex hypothesi more efficient) would have got there first. The dynamics of such a colonization race is analyzed in (Hanson 1998).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn18"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref18"&gt;[18]&lt;/a&gt; See (Drexler 1985).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn19"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref19"&gt;[19]&lt;/a&gt; Cmp. (Huxley 1932).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn20"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref20"&gt;[20]&lt;/a&gt; See (Hanson 1998).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn21"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref21"&gt;[21]&lt;/a&gt; We noted that error-correcting codes should make reproduction arbitrarily reliable. Uploads do not suffer biological aging, and the habit of maintaining backup copies at dispersed locations should reduce the risk of accidental death to a very low level. As a potential way of reducing the risk that basic preferences could drift in unexpected ways when new capacities are installed or learned, it would be interesting to consider the use of safety pacts. The idea is that you empower some agents that you trust to reverse your self-modifications if they believe that the modifications have changed you in a way that you would not have approved of prior to the change. If you are an upload, you might also be able to create a copy of yourself, and then appoint this copy as a trusted overseer of the transformation process with the authority to reverse the changes you have made within some interval if it judges that the modifications have been for the worse. It could also be worth exploring how such hypothetical techniques relate to dispositional theories of value (Lewis 1989; Johnston 1989), to ideal observer theory, and more generally to the ethics of human enhancement (Glover 1984; Bostrom 2004).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn22"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref22"&gt;[22]&lt;/a&gt; One may wonder how a space-colonizing singleton could enforce its laws over cosmic distances and do so without disintegrating even over time-scales of millions of years. Yet this seems to be at root a technical problem. One solution would be to ensure that the goal-system of all colonizers it sends out include a fundamental desire to obey the basic laws of the singleton. And one of these laws may be to make sure that any progeny produced must also share this fundamental desire. Moreover, the basic law could stipulate that as technology improves, the safety-standards for reproduction (the degree of verification required to ensure that progeny or colonization probes share the fundamental desire to obey the basic constitution) improve correspondingly, so that the probability of defection asymptotically approaches zero. While this proposal may seem technologically daunting, we must bear in mind that any galactic empire would be technologically extremely advanced. A singleton could postpone wide-ranging space colonization until it had developed the control technology necessary to ensure its own long-term stability.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn23"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref23"&gt;[23]&lt;/a&gt; For a scenario of this kind, see (Miller 2000).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn24"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref24"&gt;[24]&lt;/a&gt; See (Brin 1998).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn25"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref25"&gt;[25]&lt;/a&gt; For a persuasive case for this claim, see (Wright 1999).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn26"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a title="" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/fut/evolution.html#_ftnref26"&gt;[26]&lt;/a&gt; An early version of this paper was available 12 May 2001. I’m grateful to Wei Dai and Robin Hanson for comments.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8247281659067614105?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8247281659067614105/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8247281659067614105' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8247281659067614105'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8247281659067614105'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/10/future-of-human-evolution-viitorul.html' title='The Future of Human Evolution/ Viitorul Evolutiei Umane'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-638357216898765534</id><published>2007-10-13T23:59:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:13:26.255+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human evolution'/><title type='text'>Reptilians? / Reptilieni?</title><content type='html'>&lt;object height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/UiEmem2rFOY"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/UiEmem2rFOY" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The idea that there is an optimum humanoid design (not in ID sense), is very interesting and plausible.&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;Ideea ca exista un "design" umanoid optim (nu in sensul Intelligent Design) este foarte interesanta si plauzibila.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-638357216898765534?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/638357216898765534/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=638357216898765534' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/638357216898765534'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/638357216898765534'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/10/reptilians-reptilieni.html' title='Reptilians? / Reptilieni?'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-1798720767790389848</id><published>2007-10-12T22:00:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:16:00.769+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='universal evolution'/><title type='text'>Carl Sagan and the "cosmic calendar"/ Carl Sagan si "calendarul cosmic"</title><content type='html'>&lt;object height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/rXjBbWs0_bk"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/rXjBbWs0_bk" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-1798720767790389848?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/1798720767790389848/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=1798720767790389848' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1798720767790389848'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1798720767790389848'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/10/carl-sagan-and-cosmic-calendar-carl.html' title='Carl Sagan and the &quot;cosmic calendar&quot;/ Carl Sagan si &quot;calendarul cosmic&quot;'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-7903904985538778780</id><published>2007-06-10T22:51:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:16:33.991+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='evolutionary psychology'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human evolution'/><title type='text'>Psihologia evolutionista</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Recent, a fost elaborata o abordare total diferita pentru intelegerea felului in care a evoluat comportamentul – domeniul &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;psihologiei evolutive (evolutioniste)&lt;/span&gt;. Psihologia evolutiva (evolutionista) incearca sa inteleaga comportamentul nostru&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;examinand fortele selective care probabil l-au modelat. Unii cercetatori cred ca ne-am dezvoltat in creierele noastre &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;module&lt;/span&gt; mentale ce raspund la semne din mediul natural sau social inconjurator. Aceste semne solicita anumite comportamente in reactia la amenintari, situatii sociale, semnale sexuale, cererile copiilor, etc, si se sustine ca au fost selectate raspunsuri umane tipice in trecutul nostru evolutiv, fiindca cresteau sansele de supravietuire si succesul reproductiv. Alti cercetatori cred ca exista o flexibilitate mult mai mare in raspunsurile noastre, dar, cu toate acestea, noi (adesea &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;inconstient&lt;/span&gt;) cantarim alegerile pentru a optimiza beneficiile noastre si ale rudeniilor, fie ca beneficiile vin sub forma resurselor, a avantajului social sau a succesului reproductiv.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Un exemplu simplu al metodelor psihologiei evolutioniste este modul in care abordeaza evolutia diferentelor comportamentale dintre barbati si femei. Barbatii fertili pot avea multi urmasi pe tot parcursul vietii lor adulte, pe cand femeile sunt mult mai limitate de intervalele nasterii, perioada lor reproductiva scurta (data de menopauza) si nevoia de a-si hrani copiii. Astfel, se sustine ca evolutia trecuta a actionat in asa fel incat barbatii erau atrasi de o potentiala fertilitate a viitorului partener, in vreme ce femeile sunt atrase de barbatii ce ofera probabil stabilitatea si resursele necesare dupa reproducere. Exista cu siguranta dovezi pentru a sprijini asemenea asteptari teoretice dintr-o gama de societati umane, totusi, e clar ca astfel de cerinte nu alcatuiesc intreaga poveste, data fiind variatiile, cum ar fi parteneriatele ce continua in prezenta orpirii sau esecului reproductiv, si relatiile homosexuale.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Un concept important pentru unii cercetatori in psihologia evolutionista este Adaptarea Evolutiva la Mediu (AEM), adica mediul trecut ce a produs efectul selectiv care se observa azi. Se presupune adesea ca Pleistocenul a fost perioada care a modelat mare parte din comportamentele umane distinctive de astazi, si in mod clar a fost o perioada importanta in preistoria omului, dar unele elemente trebuie sa se fi dezvoltat inainte de Pleistocen, iar altele s-au dezvoltat probabil ca raspuns la schimbarile majore ce au urmat in unele parti ale lumii odata cu aparitia agriculturii. Pentru unii cercetatori, multe din maladiile care ii afecteaza pe oameni in lumea dezvoltata, ca bolile mentale, abuzul de medicamente, crimele violente si molestarea copiilor, sunt simptome ale nepotrivirilor dintre mediile in car ne-am dezvoltat candva si mediile in care traim astazi.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Unii cercetatori au aplicat conceptele psihologiei evolutioniste pentru a explica enigmele din comportamentul uman trecut, un bun exemplu fiind topoarele de mana din piatra. Forma de baza a acestor unelte a ramas neschimbata peste un milion de ani si pe mai multe continente, iar acest lucru este mai curand surprinzator, desi stim din experimentele moderne ca topoarele de piatra erau unelte bune pentru macelarit. Totusi, sunt descoperite uneori exemplare atat de mari si de frumoase, incat e greu de crezut ca erau functionale, iar in unele situri apar intr-o asemenea cantitate si in asemenea stare, incat se pare ca unele din ele n-au fost niciodata folosite. Doi cercetatori au sugerat in mod independent o explicatie bazata pe psihologia evolutionista. Producerea topoarelor din piatra nu era doar o chestiune practica, ci avea si semnificatie sociala - in special barbatii fabricau topoarele ca parte a "ceremonialului de imperechere". Astfel, topoarele reprezentau un fel de simbol al statutului barbatilor, iar capacitatea de a le produce cu dibacie ar fi avut valoare selectiva.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" align="justify"&gt;Domeniul psihologiei evolutioniste e inca in fasa, si fara indoiala ca initiatorii sai au un punct de vedere foarte simplificat asupra comportamentului uman si exagereaza importanta componentelor pur genetice si instinctive in comparatie cu cele care sunt flexibile sau influentate de mediu sau cultura. Dar pe masura ca stiinta se dezvolta, ea va trebui sa arunce o noua lumina asupra evolutiei trasaturilor umane importante ca limbajul, simbolismul si sistemele religioase, pentru care ne lipsesc prea multe informatii-cheie.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-7903904985538778780?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/7903904985538778780/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=7903904985538778780' title='3 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7903904985538778780'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7903904985538778780'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/06/psihologia-evolutiva-evolutionista.html' title='Psihologia evolutionista'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>3</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-3620940802593941702</id><published>2007-05-29T22:34:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:17:05.985+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>Evolutia... pragmatica</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="justify"&gt;"...suntem datori, conform teoriei evolutiei mecanice, pentru toate clipele fericite pe care le-a cunoscut vreodata organismul nostru, pentru toate formele care gandirea noastra isi construieste un ideal, datori legilor ce asigura redistribuirea materiei si miscarii. Dar propria lor fatalitate condamna aceste legi la destramarea a ceea ce au facut, la distrugerea a tot ce isi va implini, cu ajutorul lor, evolutia!" (William James-&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Pragmatismul&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-3620940802593941702?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/3620940802593941702/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=3620940802593941702' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3620940802593941702'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3620940802593941702'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/05/evolutia-pragmatica.html' title='Evolutia... pragmatica'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-7161359067319503888</id><published>2007-05-26T15:58:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:23:56.526+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='magical thinking'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='astrology'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='superstition'/><title type='text'>Antidot la superstitie</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"Intre o explicatie stiintifica si o explicatie mistica, indiferent de subiect, prima este intotdeauna mai superficiala si mai deceptionanta" &lt;/span&gt;(Cioran)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Diferenta dintre &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;stiinta&lt;/span&gt; si &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;astrologie&lt;/span&gt; este ca in stiinta poti urmari &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;pas cu pas, din aproape in aproape&lt;/span&gt;, legile cauzale (-&gt;) care duc la aparitia unui fenomen (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H), in timp ce in astrologie acest lucru nu este posibil.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;A-&gt;B-&gt;C-&gt;D-&gt;E-&gt;F-&gt;G-&gt;H     stiinta&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;A-&gt;H                                              astrologia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Fiindca astrologia se bazeaza in general pe influenta evenimentelor cosmice asupra destinului unor persoane, haideti sa luam ca exemplu influenta apropierii Soarelui de Pamant asupra relatiei amoroase dintre, sa zicem, X si Y. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Din perspectiva stiintei&lt;/span&gt;, lucrurile au loc cam in felul urmator:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Pamantul se afla pe traiectoria cea mai apropiata de Soare.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;B.&lt;span style=""&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Are loc o eruptie solara&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;C.&lt;span style=""&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Plasma, constand in particule de electroni si protoni, traverseaza distanta dintre Soare si Pamant&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;D.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Ajungand in apropierea Pamantului, produce perturbarea campului magnetic al acestuia&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;E.&lt;span style=""&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Perturbarea campului megnetic atrage dupa sine perturbarea functionarii satelitului de comunicatie&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;F.&lt;span style=""&gt;    &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Satelitul de comunicatie era tocmai folosit de catre telefonul lui X pentru a clarifica situatia cu Y, cu care se certase acum cateva zile&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;G.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Datorita incapacitatii satelitului, convorbirea dintre cei 2 se intrerupe brusc, nemaidand ocazia celor doi sa se impace&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;H.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Relatia amoroasa dintre X si Y este iremediabil compromisa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Din perspectiva&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;astrologiei&lt;/span&gt;, lucrurile stau in felul urmator:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;A.&lt;span style=""&gt;   &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Pamantul se afla pe traiectoria cea mai apropiata de Soare.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;!--[if !supportLists]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;H.&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;!--[endif]--&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Relatia amoroasa dintre X si Y va fi iremediabil compromisa&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;    &lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;In timp ce prima explicatie este logica, a doua nici macar nu este o &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;explicatie&lt;/span&gt;, ci doar o &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;afirmatie&lt;/span&gt; fara nici un fundament.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-7161359067319503888?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/7161359067319503888/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=7161359067319503888' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7161359067319503888'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7161359067319503888'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/05/antidot-la-superstitie.html' title='Antidot la superstitie'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-3864169935366905210</id><published>2007-05-22T00:29:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:24:37.209+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human evolution'/><title type='text'>Chris Stringer on human origins / Chris Stringer despre originile omului</title><content type='html'>&lt;object height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/YhmuKevNd1I"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/YhmuKevNd1I" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/iDob9zoecTk"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/iDob9zoecTk" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;object height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/eahPxFN7uuw"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/eahPxFN7uuw" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-3864169935366905210?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/3864169935366905210/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=3864169935366905210' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3864169935366905210'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/3864169935366905210'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/05/chris-stringer-on-early-human-evolution_22.html' title='Chris Stringer on human origins / Chris Stringer despre originile omului'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8507454999291495573</id><published>2007-05-15T14:57:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T08:46:13.795+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>Aparitie editoriala</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/Rkmgdh4DF_I/AAAAAAAAACU/SGIqpa6vYsA/s1600-h/IMG_1952_resz.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 300px; height: 400px;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/Rkmgdh4DF_I/AAAAAAAAACU/SGIqpa6vYsA/s400/IMG_1952_resz.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5064755685124937714" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Editura &lt;a href="http://www.edituraaquila93.ro/"&gt;Aquila 93&lt;/a&gt; a scos de curand pe piata o carte de exceptie. Este vorba despre &lt;span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"&gt;Istoria completa a evolutiei umane&lt;/span&gt;, de Chris Stringer si Peter Andrews. Cartea apare sub o prezentare remarcabila, cu coperti tari si avand 240 de pagini bogat ilustrate alb-negru si color. Cartea face o sinteză a ultimelor descoperiri cu privire la apariţia si evolutia noastră ca specie.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Unul dintre autori, Chris Stringer, ocupa pozitia de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;Merit Researcher Human Origins &lt;/span&gt;al departamentului de Paleontologie, sectia Vertebrate si Antropologie, din cadrul Muzeului de Istoria Naturala din Londra. Am avut curiozitatea sa-l contactez personal prin Email pe autor, si am avut placuta surpriza sa raspunda foarte prompt abordarii mele.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8507454999291495573?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8507454999291495573/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8507454999291495573' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8507454999291495573'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8507454999291495573'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/05/aparitie-editoriala.html' title='Aparitie editoriala'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/Rkmgdh4DF_I/AAAAAAAAACU/SGIqpa6vYsA/s72-c/IMG_1952_resz.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-2145962937860546083</id><published>2007-05-13T23:18:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:26:15.816+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>James Watson: The double helix and today's DNA mysteries</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--cut and paste--&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8,0,0,0" id="VE_Player" align="middle" height="285" width="320"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.videoegg.com/ted/flash/loader.swf"&gt;&lt;param name="FlashVars" value="bgColor=FFFFFF&amp;amp;file=http://static.videoegg.com/ted/movies/JAMESWATSON-2005_high.flv&amp;amp;autoPlay=false&amp;amp;fullscreenURL=http://static.videoegg.com/ted/flash/fullscreen.html&amp;amp;forcePlay=false&amp;amp;logo=&amp;amp;allowFullscreen=true"&gt;&lt;param name="quality" value="high"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF"&gt;&lt;param name="scale" value="noscale"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="window"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://static.videoegg.com/ted/flash/loader.swf" flashvars="bgColor=FFFFFF&amp;amp;file=http://static.videoegg.com/ted/movies/JAMESWATSON-2005_high.flv&amp;amp;autoPlay=false&amp;amp;fullscreenURL=http://static.videoegg.com/ted/flash/fullscreen.html&amp;amp;forcePlay=false&amp;amp;logo=&amp;amp;allowFullscreen=true" quality="high" allowscriptaccess="always" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" scale="noscale" wmode="window" name="VE_Player" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" align="middle" height="285" width="320"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Nobel laureate &lt;a href="http://www.ted.com/index.php/speakers/view/id/36" target="_blank"&gt;James Watson&lt;/a&gt; opens TED2005 with the frank and funny story of how he and his partner, Francis Crick, discovered the structure of DNA. The tale is full of colorful details: How Watson had planned to be an ornithologist until Schroedinger's book &lt;em&gt;What Is Life?&lt;/em&gt; transformed him into a geneticist. The painful rejections he suffered along the way, first from Caltech and then from a certain girl. And finally, how the basic DNA model ultimately came together in just a few hours. Watson finishes with one of the topics currently making him tick: the search for genetic bases for major illnesses.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;James Watson has led a long, remarkable life&lt;/strong&gt;, starting at age 12, when he was one of radio's high-IQ Quiz Kids. By age 15, he had enrolled in the University of Chicago, and by 25, working with Francis Crick (and drawing, controversially, on the research of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin), he had made the discovery that would eventually win the three men the Nobel Prize.&lt;br /&gt;Watson and Crick's 1953 discovery of DNA's double-helix structure paved the way for &lt;strong&gt;the astounding breakthroughs in genetics and medicine that marked the second half of the 20th century&lt;/strong&gt;. And Watson's classic 1968 memoir of the discovery, &lt;em&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/Double-Helix-Personal-Discovery-Structure/dp/0451627873" target="_blank"&gt;The Double Helix&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/em&gt; changed the way the public perceives scientists, thanks to its candid account of the personality conflicts on the project.&lt;br /&gt;Since 1968, he's presided over the &lt;a href="http://www.cshl.edu/" target="_blank"&gt;Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory&lt;/a&gt;, first as Director, later as President and now as Chancellor. From 1988 to 1994, he ran the &lt;a href="http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/home.shtml" target="_blank"&gt;Human Genome Project&lt;/a&gt;. His current passion is &lt;strong&gt;the quest to identify genetic bases for major illnesses&lt;/strong&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-2145962937860546083?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/2145962937860546083/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=2145962937860546083' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2145962937860546083'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2145962937860546083'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/05/james-watson-double-helix-and-todays.html' title='James Watson: The double helix and today&apos;s DNA mysteries'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6578727929329932867</id><published>2007-05-13T11:56:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T08:46:18.236+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>Evolutionary "tree" or evolutionary "net"? / "arbore" filogenetic sau "retea" filogenetica?</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RkjGfx4DF9I/AAAAAAAAAB8/qF63WO9NWdw/s1600-h/Horizontal_gene_transfer_best.jpg"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5064516030244788178" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; cursor: pointer; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RkjGfx4DF9I/AAAAAAAAAB8/qF63WO9NWdw/s400/Horizontal_gene_transfer_best.jpg" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RkbV3B4DF7I/AAAAAAAAABs/CCAJuCCltEg/s1600-h/Darwin_tree.JPG"&gt;&lt;img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5063969972397742002" style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; cursor: pointer; text-align: center;" alt="" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RkbV3B4DF7I/AAAAAAAAABs/CCAJuCCltEg/s400/Darwin_tree.JPG" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Since the time of Darwin, the evolutionary relationships between organisms have been represented as a &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;tree&lt;/span&gt;, with the common ancestors at the base of the trunk and the most recently evolved species at the tips of the branches. Microbiologists have argued that this representation doesn’t really hold true for microbes, which often exchange genes among different species. Their claim has been that the evolution of these organisms is better represented by a &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;net&lt;/span&gt;, rather like that of a tree.&lt;br /&gt;Initially these speculations were based on discoveries made in medical microbiology; namely that genes for resistance to antibiotics were found to move from one bacterial pathogen to another, but &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;recent analysis of DNA sequences suggests that horizontal gene transfer has also occurred within eukaryotes&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Horizontal gene transfer&lt;/span&gt; (HGT), also Lateral gene transfer (LGT), is any process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another cell that is not its offspring. By contrast, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;vertical transfer&lt;/span&gt; occurs when an organism receives genetic material from its ancestor, e.g. its parent or a species from which it evolved. Most thinking in genetics has focused on the more prevalent vertical transfer, but there is a recent awareness that horizontal gene transfer is a significant phenomenon.&lt;br /&gt;Horizontal gene transfer is a potential confounding factor in inferring phylogenetic trees based on the sequence of one gene. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;The original metaphor of a tree no longer fits the data&lt;/span&gt;. For example, given two distantly related bacteria that have exchanged a gene, a phylogenetic tree including those species will show them to be closely related because that gene is the same, even though most other genes have substantially diverged. For this reason, it is often ideal to include as wide a range of genes for phylogenetic analysis as possible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Inca de pe timpul lui Darwin, relatiile filogenetice dintre organisme au fost reprezentate sub forma unui &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;arbore&lt;/span&gt;, avand la baza trunchiului stramosul comun, iar speciile mai recent aparute spre varful ramurilor. Microbiologii sustin ca acest tip de reprezentare nu este valabila si pentru speciile de microbi, care schimba frecvent gene intre ele. Ei pretind ca procesul evolutiv al acestor organisme este reprezentat mai fidel sub forma unei &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;retele&lt;/span&gt;, decat sub forma unui arbore.&lt;br /&gt;Initial, aceste speculatii s-au bazat pe descoperirile facute in domeniul microbiologiei medicale, si anume pe observatia ca genele raspunzatoare de rezistenta la antibiotice se transfera de la un microorganism patogen la altul, de la o specia la alta. Insa cercetari mai recente au scos la iveala faptul ca&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; acest transfer are loc si in cazul organismelor Eucariote, nu numai Procariote&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Transferul orizontal al genelor&lt;/span&gt; (TOG), sau transferul lateral al genelor (TLG), este orice proces prin care un organism transfera material genetic unei alte celule care nu este descendent direct al organismului respectiv. Prin opozitie, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;transferul vertical&lt;/span&gt; are loc cand un organism primeste material genetic de la parintele sau direct sau de la o specie din care a evoluat. Majoritatea cercetatilor de pana acum s-au bazat in mod preferential pe transferul vertical, insa se pune din ce in ce mai mult accent pe transferul orizontal.&lt;br /&gt;Transferul orizontal al genelor este un factor problematic in alcatuirea de arbori filogenetici pe baza analizelor genetice. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Vechea metafora a arborelui nu mai corespunde datelor&lt;/span&gt;. De exemplu, fiind date doua specii de bacterii inrudite de departe, dar care au schimbat intre ele o gena pe cale orizontala, un arbore filogenetic incluzand cele doua specii le va arata ca fiind inrudite de aproape, deoarece au in comun gena respectiva, asta in ciuda faptului ca restul genelor lor sunt diferite. Din acest motiv, este indicat sa se includa in analizele filogenetice cat mai multe gene posibile, nu numai una singura, si a miscora astfel probabilitatea de a gresi.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6578727929329932867?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6578727929329932867/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6578727929329932867' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6578727929329932867'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6578727929329932867'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/05/since-time-of-darwin-evolutionary.html' title='Evolutionary &quot;tree&quot; or evolutionary &quot;net&quot;? / &quot;arbore&quot; filogenetic sau &quot;retea&quot; filogenetica?'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RkjGfx4DF9I/AAAAAAAAAB8/qF63WO9NWdw/s72-c/Horizontal_gene_transfer_best.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8319338857604363302</id><published>2007-05-10T21:52:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:33:52.325+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetic evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='meme'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociocultural evolution'/><title type='text'>Kevin Kelly: How does technology evolve? Like we did / Kevin Kelly: Cum evolueaza tehnologia? La fel ca si noi</title><content type='html'>&lt;!--cut and paste--&gt;&lt;object classid="clsid:d27cdb6e-ae6d-11cf-96b8-444553540000" codebase="http://download.macromedia.com/pub/shockwave/cabs/flash/swflash.cab#version=8,0,0,0" id="VE_Player" align="middle" height="285" width="320"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://static.videoegg.com/ted/flash/loader.swf"&gt;&lt;param name="FlashVars" value="bgColor=FFFFFF&amp;amp;file=http://static.videoegg.com/ted/movies/KEVINKELLY_high.flv&amp;amp;autoPlay=false&amp;amp;fullscreenURL=http://static.videoegg.com/ted/flash/fullscreen.html&amp;amp;forcePlay=false&amp;amp;logo=&amp;amp;allowFullscreen=true"&gt;&lt;param name="quality" value="high"&gt;&lt;param name="allowScriptAccess" value="always"&gt;&lt;param name="bgcolor" value="#FFFFFF"&gt;&lt;param name="scale" value="noscale"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="window"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://static.videoegg.com/ted/flash/loader.swf" flashvars="bgColor=FFFFFF&amp;amp;file=http://static.videoegg.com/ted/movies/KEVINKELLY_high.flv&amp;amp;autoPlay=false&amp;amp;fullscreenURL=http://static.videoegg.com/ted/flash/fullscreen.html&amp;amp;forcePlay=false&amp;amp;logo=&amp;amp;allowFullscreen=true" quality="high" allowscriptaccess="always" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" scale="noscale" wmode="window" name="VE_Player" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" pluginspage="http://www.macromedia.com/go/getflashplayer" align="middle" height="285" width="320"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8319338857604363302?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8319338857604363302/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8319338857604363302' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8319338857604363302'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8319338857604363302'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/05/kevin-kelly-how-does-technology-evolve.html' title='Kevin Kelly: How does technology evolve? Like we did / Kevin Kelly: Cum evolueaza tehnologia? La fel ca si noi'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-5904910325805025895</id><published>2007-05-09T19:44:00.003+03:00</published><updated>2010-04-17T15:24:21.913+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetics'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='meme'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='minimum separabile'/><title type='text'>"Minimum separabile" and the MEMETIC CODE / "Minimum separabile" si CODUL MEMETIC</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;I have been following the memetic debate on Internet for more than a year  now, when I realized that something is missing. I also think that the debate has  been going on for too long at the abstract level and it is time to make the  shift to the concrete. The reason there are so many unbelievers is that we do  not have any reference to the MEMETIC CODE and a mechanistic model of the  structure of the meme. We also do not have a proper definition regarding the  ENCODING MEDIUM of the memetic code. But, in the process of correcting this, we  forget that prior to the gene was the proteine and prior to the codon was the  amino-acid. We already knew a lot about the amino-acids and the proteins long  before we knew anything about the gene itself. We have been following the wrong  path all along all along trying to find out the structure of the meme first. It  is like trying to broke the nutshell from inside out. It is known that the gene  is built up from sub-units we call codons and we define this in reference to the  amino-acids. If the gene have such sub-units, I wonder why shouldn't the meme  have too? In the following I hope to prove, indirectly, the existence of these  memetic sub-units as real, physical entities by demonstrating the existence of  an anatomical structure similar to the amino-acid, which functions as encoding  medium for the memetic code. In the same way the codons code for amino-acids,  the memetic sub-units also code for something I will temporarily call "minimum  separabile". Hold that idea! The term "minimum separabile" belongs to Lorenz,  who studied the phylogenetic development of voluntary movements through the  animal kingdom (the term was originally used to explain the separation power of  the retina). &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I've been reading these days this book on ethology, in Romanian, when I  stumbled on this passage:  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;"As I emphasized earlier, there is a basic physiological difference between  two types of instinctive motion: one type which refuses to comply to the  learning process, and another type which, on the contrary, possess a high  tendency to associate with diverse conditioning stimuli during the learning  process. This basic physiological difference between the behaviours unsuited for  the learning process and those suited, relies on the fact that the former are  activated by a single unitary and extremely specific motivation, while the later  are not activated by such a single unitary motivation. The later can be  incorporated in more than one behaviour, each with different motivations. For  this reason they are called instrumental activities. When the environment and  life conditions of a species demands a sudden and total adaptability of the  motions of that species, which cannot be provided by the existing complexes of  ereditary motions, than the phylogenetic adaptation is realized by fragmentation  in many small elements (units), each of these remaining just as rigid as any  centrally coordinated motion; each of these, because of their limited size and  because of their permanent availability, are suitable to be used as separate  pieces in the process of learning new motions, with practically infinite  complexity. Metaphoricaly speaking, the ereditary coordinated motions does not  alter like an elastic ribbon, moulding itself on the demands of the environment,  but rather like A CHAIN CONSISTING OF MANY SMALL RINGS WHICH CAN INTERCHANGE.  This becomes very obvious if we compare the locomotion of a few related species,  but species living in different environments. The more homogenous the  environment is, the narrower the adaptability it demands. In the case of  Ungulates the locomotion (walk, trot, gallop) is globally coordinated. In this  case the soil, being relatively homogeneous, provides each step with the same  support. But, being confronted suddenly with obstacles unforeseen, these  Ungulates, which live on open steppe, stumble almost always, because they lack  the proper coordination. A more precise coordination of motion is possible only  when the smallest autonomous unit of motion - "minimum separabile" or voluntary  motion, as Lorenz calls it - is as limited as possible. Indeed, for the animal  to be able to target a particular point, like the surface of a small stone on a  mountain side, and successfully pass through it, he must coordinate its each  step as precisely as possible. So, in order to coordinate its motions, it is  vital that this smallest unit to be available independently from other similar  units. This capacity to fragment the global ereditary coordination in small,  isolated units, which makes them available to be organized, through learning, in  a succession of voluntary motions, is a phylogenetic adaptation more obvious in  the case of mammals which lives at high altitudes, with rough terrain, like  Capra ibex, Capra pyrenaica etc. The environment which demands the largest  flexibility of the coordination of locomotion, and the greatest possibility to  combine these isolated units in complex, learned motions is the tree canopy. The  fragmentation is more obvious in Primates because they can use their prehensile  hands, legs and tail to grasp deliberately a certain branch. K. Lorenz concludes  that the process by means of which small elements of motion are extracted from  the whole, in order to gain a relative autonomy - which allows them to be used  to the construction of new, learned behaviours - leads to the apparition of the  so called voluntary motions."  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;So, I conclude that these "minimum separabile" are in fact the _encoding  medium_ for the memetic code. They are anatomical structures used to create a  variety of complex motions, in the same way the amino-acids are uses to create a  large variety of complex proteins. Each amino-acid in the protein has its  corresponding codon within the structure of the gene, and each&lt;br /&gt;"minimum  separabile" has its corresponding sub-unit within the structure of the meme. One  involves the other. In fact, all that a learning system needs is a code (genetic  or memetic) and an encoding medium, a set of recombinable elements that we call  amino-acids or, in the case of memetic code, these "minimum separabile". All we  have to do now is to delimit anatomically these "minimum separabile".  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;P. Weiss postulated 6 levels of inclusiveness for motion:  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Level 1. Basic unit of contraction (muscle fiber)  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Level 2. All the muscle fibers which belong to the same muscle  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Level 3. The synergistic activity of all the muscles which move the same  joint  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Level 4. The co-ordinated motion of one leg, hand etc  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Level 5. The co-ordinated motion of more organs  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Level 6. The motion of the whole body &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Considering that we cannot voluntarily move a single muscle fiber (Level 1)  or even a single muscle (Level 2), the best match for our above description of  "minimum separabile" seems to be Level 3. It is the smallest irreducible  voluntary motion. I will remind you that most animal joints have one, two, or  three degrees of freedom. Most joints have _at least_ two muscles for each  degree of freedom (two "minimum separabile"), because each muscle is paired with  a muscle of the opposite effect. If we take the human ankle, for instance, we  can see that it has two degrees of freedom, because it can exhibit flexion and  extension, as well as inversion and eversion. We can conclude that, in the case  of the human ankle, there are at least four "minimum separabile" (four  "amino-acids") which forms the basic elements to a large variety of motions that  the human ankle can perform through learning. Just think at the amazing  performance of a ballet dancer. If we consider the human jaw, we can see that it  has three degrees of freedom: it can move right and left, up and down, back and  forth. Of course, through the combination of these six (six "minimum  separabile"), the jaw can perform a large variety of other, more complex,  motions (many of them involved in speech). In this case there are not one, but  two joints involved (but this is not relevant). Another example is the human  eyelid. It can perform only two basic motions: up and down. But through the  combination of these two, it may result very complex and subtle motions (just  remember the way your girl-friend looks at you sometimes). All this is true for  the vocal apparatus, too: the tongue and the larynx. One might object that the  tongue makes an exception because it doesn't have a bony skeleton, so it doesn't  have joints. But this is not true because the tongue's body does have a fibrous  skeleton which serves as insertion points for the tongue's muscles.  &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Everybody knows that each amino-acid has its corresponding codon within the  genetic code. If we accept all that I said above, we must also accept that each  "synergistic activity of all the muscles which move the same joint", each  "minimum separabile", has its corresponding "codon" within the MEMETIC CODE. In  respect with the term "codon", I will name it "MEMON". &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://cfpm.org/%7Emajordom/memetics/2000/13962.html"&gt;Published&lt;/a&gt;  on the "&lt;a href="http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/"&gt;Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary  Models of Information Transmission&lt;/a&gt;" on Feb. 2003&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"&gt;&lt;img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width: 0pt;" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-sa/3.0/88x31.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" href="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" property="dc:title" rel="dc:type"&gt;"Minimum separabile" and the Memetic Code&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: underline;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; este licenţiat printr-o &lt;a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/"&gt;Licenţă Creative Commons Atribuire-Necomercial-Distribuire în condiţii identice 3.0 Ne-adaptată&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-5904910325805025895?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/5904910325805025895/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=5904910325805025895' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5904910325805025895'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5904910325805025895'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/05/minimum-separabile-and-memetic-code.html' title='&quot;Minimum separabile&quot; and the MEMETIC CODE / &quot;Minimum separabile&quot; si CODUL MEMETIC'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-1936097042705832065</id><published>2007-05-05T18:37:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:39:45.400+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>Tinerete fara batranete? / Life without death?</title><content type='html'>&lt;p  style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:georgia;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;Recent, revista &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a style="font-family: georgia;" href="http://www.nature.com/"&gt;&lt;i style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Nature&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt; a publicat un studiu al &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="arial12"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;cercetatorului Martin Holzenberg, de la institutul Insern din Paris, care sustine ca a descoperit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-weight: bold; font-family: georgia;"&gt;gena tineretii fara batranete&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;. Studiul se refera la corelatia care ar exista intre regimul de hrana si expresia unei anumite &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;gene reglatoare&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt; responzabile de longevitate, si care ar avea ca efect o durata de viata mai scurta sau mai lunga. Studiul a fost efectuat pe soareci (sau pe viermi?), cu care omul are in comun gena respectiva. (Ca o paranteza, precizez ca in presa romaneasca informatia a aparut in 2 publicatii, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Evenimentul Zilei&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt; si &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-family: georgia;"&gt;Gardianul, &lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;insa, ca de atatea ori, informatiile sunt contradictorii. In timp ce una din surse sustine ca experimentele au fost efectuate pe soareci, cealalta sustine ca au fost efectuate pe viermi, probabil Nematozi).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);font-family:georgia;" class="arial12" &gt;Dincolo de conotatiile subiectiv-afective (cine nu vrea sa traiasca cat mai mult?), se pune intrebarea oare care este functia adaptativa a mortii? Ca orice alta insusire a sistemelor biologice&lt;i style=""&gt;,&lt;/i&gt; si moartea (pornind de la premiza ca nu este un accident sau un produs secundar) trebuie sa fi evoluat prin &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;selectie naturala&lt;/span&gt;… Problema rezida in faptul ca moartea (sau durata limitata de viata a unui individ) pare sa constituie o exceptie de la regula, deoarece este un dezavantaj pentru individ. Ori se stie ca, prin definitie, selectia naturala tocmai ca favorizeaza orice insusire care confera &lt;i style=""&gt;individului&lt;/i&gt; cel mai mic avantaj pe scena evolutiei. Cu alte cuvinte, moartea nu putea sa apara prin selectie naturala, deoarece nu confera nici un avantaj individului, din contra. Deci moartea sfideaza Darwinismul. Contradictia este insa doar aparenta. In realitate &lt;i style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;moartea&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; este o piese importanta in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;i style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;teoria selectiei naturale&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;si o cerinta obligatorie pentru evolutie&lt;/span&gt;. Un organism ipotetic care ar trai vesnic, nu ar putea evolua. El ar ramane vesnic cu aceeasi combinatie de gene cu care s-a nascut. In realitate selectia naturala are nevoie in permanenta de cat mai multe combinatii de gene pentru a le testa si a le selecta pe cele mai adaptate, fapt in care rezida functia adaptativa a &lt;i style=""&gt;mortii&lt;/i&gt;. Nu mai vorbim de faptul ca o populatie formata din indivizi cu durata de viata nelimitata si-ar epuiza in scurt timp resursele vitale si ar disparea.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-1936097042705832065?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/1936097042705832065/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=1936097042705832065' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1936097042705832065'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/1936097042705832065'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/05/tinerete-fara-batranete-life-without.html' title='Tinerete fara batranete? / Life without death?'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6833263008544187445</id><published>2007-04-30T23:34:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T08:46:18.356+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='religion'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>O explicatie a religiei / An explanation of religion</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RjZU6h4DF3I/AAAAAAAAABM/cnF9ubD9FDw/s1600-h/Moth_molie.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RjZU6h4DF3I/AAAAAAAAABM/cnF9ubD9FDw/s200/Moth_molie.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5059324595899930482" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Richard Dawkins, in capitolul 5 din ultima sa carte, "Amagirea numita Dumnezeu" (The God Delusion), incearca sa explice din punct de vedere evolutionist, originile pornirilor religioase ale omului. Potrivit autorului, religia este un &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;produs secundar al evolutie&lt;/span&gt;. In acest sens el face o paralela cu tendinta moliei de a fi atrasa de lumina becului, fenomen care, aparent, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;contravine instinctului de conservare&lt;/span&gt; al acesteia, avand in vedere ca atrage dupa sine moartea moliei. Ce legatura exista intre religie si tendinta moliei de a fi atrasa de lumina becului? Aparent, ambele ar fi niste &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;produse secundare (by-products) ale unor adaptari anterioare&lt;/span&gt;. In cazul moliei, atractia spre lumina are un rol ancestral bine definit in conditii naturale, si anume in orientarea dupa lumina lunii si a stelelor pe timp de noapte. Aceeasi adaptare devine &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;maladaptativa&lt;/span&gt; in conditiile oferite de civilizatia moderna.Molia nu face diferenta dintre lumina naturala a lunii sau a stelelor si lumina artificiala a becului, ceea ce-i aduce moartea. In ceea ce priveste religia, aceasta si-ar avea originile ancestrale in &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;tendinta naturala&lt;/span&gt; a copiilor de a asimila tot ceea ce le spun parintii sau cei in varsta. In conditiile unei vieti in mijlocul naturii, aceasta adaptare este foarte utila, deoarece ii fereste de pericole. Insa aceasta adaptare a fost exploatata prin inocularea unor idei care nu au nici o legatura cu supravietuirea, cum ar fi conceptiile religioase.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;Richard DAwkins, in the 5th chapter of his latest book, "The God Delusion", is trying to explain, from an evolutionary standpoint, the origins of human religiousness. According to the author, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;religion is a by-product of evolution&lt;/span&gt;. Hence, he speaks about the moth's tendency to be attracted by artificial light, which contradicts its survival instinct, because it ends in the moth's death. What is the relation between the moth's attraction for artificial light and religion? Apparently, both are by-products of previous adaptations. The moth's attraction for light has a very important adaptive function in nature, because it helps to navigate during the night using the moonlight or the light of the stars. The same adaptation turns maladaptive in the modern world, because the moth doesn’t differentiate between natural and artificial light, which brings it's death. The same with religion. The author states that it has it's ancestral origins in the &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;natural tendency of children to assimilate everything&lt;/span&gt; from the parents or the elders. In the middle of nature this adaptation is very useful, because it defends against dangers. But the same adaptation was exploited to indoctrinate children with ideas which have no survival value at all, like religion.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6833263008544187445?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6833263008544187445/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6833263008544187445' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6833263008544187445'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6833263008544187445'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/o-explicatie-religiei-explanation-of.html' title='O explicatie a religiei / An explanation of religion'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RjZU6h4DF3I/AAAAAAAAABM/cnF9ubD9FDw/s72-c/Moth_molie.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-8643740488463839141</id><published>2007-04-28T11:35:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:43:05.067+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='theory of evolution'/><title type='text'>Ernst Mayr despre evolutie / Ernst Mayr about evolution</title><content type='html'>&lt;object height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/d8H6-sKM--s"&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/d8H6-sKM--s" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" height="350" width="425"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-8643740488463839141?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/8643740488463839141/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=8643740488463839141' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8643740488463839141'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/8643740488463839141'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/ernst-mayr-despre-evolutie-ernst-mayr.html' title='Ernst Mayr despre evolutie / Ernst Mayr about evolution'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-7164935628331313809</id><published>2007-04-27T21:52:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T08:46:18.468+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>Cancer, a disease of multicellularity / Cancerul, o boala a multicelularitatii</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RjJITR4DF1I/AAAAAAAAAA8/aQw9SBSpQvg/s1600-h/db_cancer_cells.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RjJITR4DF1I/AAAAAAAAAA8/aQw9SBSpQvg/s200/db_cancer_cells.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5058184827543689042" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cancer re-creates within our own bodies the &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;evolutionary process&lt;/span&gt; that enables animals to adapt to their environment. At the &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;level of organisms&lt;/span&gt;, natural selection operates when genetic mutations cause some organisms to have more reproductive success than others; the mutations get “selected” in the sense that they persist and become more common in future generations. In cancer, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;cells play the role of organisms&lt;/span&gt;. Cancer- causing changes to DNA cause some cells to reproduce more effectively than ordinary ones. And even within a single tumor, more adapted cells may outcompete less successful ones. “It’s like &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Darwinian evolution&lt;/span&gt;, except that it happens within an organ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;Cancerul recreeaza in interiorul organismului &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;procesul evolutiv&lt;/span&gt; care le permite animalelor sa se adapteze mediului de viata. La nivel individual, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;selectia naturala&lt;/span&gt; opereaza cand mutatiile genetice determina anumite organisme sa aiba un succes reproductiv mai mare decat altele. Mutatiile sunt selectate in sensul ca ele persista si devin mai raspandite in generatiile viitoare. In cancer, &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;celulele joaca rolul indivizilor&lt;/span&gt;, al organismelor. Cancerul, cauzand modificari ale ADN-ului, determina anumite celule sa se divida mai eficient decat cele normale. Chiar si in interiorul aceleieasi tumori, celulele mai adaptate pot elimina celulele mai putin adaptate. Este o &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;evolutie darwiniana&lt;/span&gt;, cu exceptia faptului ca se desfasoara in interiorul unui organ.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-7164935628331313809?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/7164935628331313809/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=7164935628331313809' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7164935628331313809'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/7164935628331313809'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/cancer-disease-of-multicellularity.html' title='Cancer, a disease of multicellularity / Cancerul, o boala a multicelularitatii'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RjJITR4DF1I/AAAAAAAAAA8/aQw9SBSpQvg/s72-c/db_cancer_cells.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-6042800184396793612</id><published>2007-04-22T18:39:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T08:46:18.597+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='theory of evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Richard Dawkins'/><title type='text'>Selectia cumulativa / Cumulative selection</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RiuCeUFhvzI/AAAAAAAAAA0/9BeFbGdW-88/s1600-h/Cumulative_selection_monkey.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RiuCeUFhvzI/AAAAAAAAAA0/9BeFbGdW-88/s200/Cumulative_selection_monkey.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5056278463953092402" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Teoria selectiei cumulative (sau “actiunea cumulativa a selectiei naturale”) este maniera prin care speciile evolueaza in timp. Evolutia este un proces de selectie cumulativa, nu un proces "pas cu pas". Putem exemplifica acest lucru prin experimentul Shakespeare-maimuta. In al sau eseu, "Ceasornicarul orb", Richard Dawkins se foloseste de acest experiment pentru a demonstra faptul ca teoria evolutiei a lui Charles Darwin este un proces cumulativ, si nu unul "pas cu pas". In acest experiment, o maimuta este asezata in fata unui calculator si lasata sa loveasca tastele la intamplare pana cand pe ecran rezulta textul (versul) din Shakespeare dorit, "METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL". Deruland experimentul avand la dispozitie un numar infinit de maimute, procesul ar dura multe milioane de ani. Daca privim experimentul Shakespeare-maimuta ca pe un proces “pas cu pas”, realizam ca intervalul de timp si sansa necesare pentru a ajunge la rezultatul dorit (versul din Shakespeare) fac din acest proces o explicatie foarte implauzibila pentru evolutia speciilor. Cu toate acestea, daca modificam experimentul, astfel incat acesta sa imite conditiile naturale de mediu, rezultatul dorit este atins. Modificare consta intr-o &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;selectie&lt;/span&gt; (pastrare) a acelei propozitii aleatorii introduse de catre maimuta care este cea mai apropiata de versul din Shakespeare dorit. Apoi maimuta incearca sa copieze respectiva propozitie (&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;ereditate&lt;/span&gt;), dar nereusind in intregime, o schimba in mica masura (&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;mutatie&lt;/span&gt;). Este selectat cel mai bun rezultat, iar procesul se repeta pana cand maimuta ajunge la versul din Shakespeare. Folosind acest proces de selectie cumulativa, sunt necesari doar 40-60 de pasi pana cand se ajunge la rezultatul dorit.&lt;/p&gt;                &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Generation&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;1: WDLMNLT DTJBKWIRZREZLMQCO P &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;2: WDLTMNLT DTJBSWIRZREZLMQCO P&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation 10: MDLDMNLS ITJISWHRZREZ MECS P&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation 20: MELDINLS IT ISWPRKE Z WECSEL&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation 30: METHINGS IT ISWLIKE B WECSEL&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation 40: METHINKS IT IS LIKE I WEASEL&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation 43: METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Vezi si &lt;a href="http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/cumulative-selection-selectie.html"&gt;http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/cumulative-selection-selectie.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal; text-align: center;"&gt;*&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;The theory of cumulative selection is the manner by which species evolve over time. The process of evolution is a cumulative selection, not a single-step process. This can be exemplified by looking at The Shakespeare Monkey Experiment. In his essay &lt;em&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;The Blind Watchmaker&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;, Richard Dawkins uses this experiment to prove that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution is a cumulative process rather than a single-step process. This experiment involves placing monkeys in front of a computer, then letting them hit keys randomly until they come up text from Shakespeare ("METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL"). With an infinite amount of monkeys this process would take million and millions of years. When looking at the Shakespeare Monkey Experiment as a single-step process one realizes that the amount of time and chance required make it an improbable explanation for the evolution of species up to this point. However, if one changes the process slightly to imitate environmental conditions that would preserve certain mutations and eradicate others, the desired end is achieved. This alteration involves looking at the sentences the monkeys produced, choosing the one that most resembles something from Shakespeare. The monkey then attempts to copy this sentence. It is unable to duplicate the sentence, however, and the sentences change. The best sentence is picked out and the process is repeated until the monkey comes up with a sentence from Shakespeare. Using this process of cumulative selection, the desired sentence only takes forty-sixty steps (as opposed to millions of years). This is a probable time frame to explain the evolution of plants and animals that exist today.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Generation&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;1: WDLMNLT DTJBKWIRZREZLMQCO P &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation&lt;span style=""&gt;  &lt;/span&gt;2: WDLTMNLT DTJBSWIRZREZLMQCO P&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation 10: MDLDMNLS ITJISWHRZREZ MECS P&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation 20: MELDINLS IT ISWPRKE Z WECSEL&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation 30: METHINGS IT ISWLIKE B WECSEL&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation 40: METHINKS IT IS LIKE I WEASEL&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Generation 43: METHINKS IT IS LIKE A WEASEL&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: left;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;See also &lt;a href="http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/cumulative-selection-selectie.html"&gt;http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/cumulative-selection-selectie.html&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-6042800184396793612?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/6042800184396793612/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=6042800184396793612' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6042800184396793612'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/6042800184396793612'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/selectia-cumulativa-cumulative.html' title='Selectia cumulativa / Cumulative selection'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RiuCeUFhvzI/AAAAAAAAAA0/9BeFbGdW-88/s72-c/Cumulative_selection_monkey.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-5385897007067036831</id><published>2007-04-21T18:21:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T08:46:18.789+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human evolution'/><title type='text'>Quality, not quantity... / Calitate, nu cantitate...</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RiottkFhvxI/AAAAAAAAAAU/mCpNypaUHxY/s1600-h/evolution_man_monkey.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RiottkFhvxI/AAAAAAAAAAU/mCpNypaUHxY/s320/evolution_man_monkey.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5055903792481025810" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recent, potrivit unui &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/dn11611-chimps-more-evolved-than-humans.html"&gt;articol&lt;/a&gt; publicat in "&lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/"&gt;New Scientist&lt;/a&gt;", cercetatorii au descoperit ca cimpanzeii sunt mai "evoluati" decat oamenii. Se stie ca stramosul comun al cimpanzeului si omului a trait in urma cu aproximativ 6 milioane de ani, cand liniile evolutive ale celor doua specii au inceput sa se desparta. Comparand genomul celor doua specii, s-a ajuns la concluzia ca, fata de genomul stramosului comun, genomul cimpanzeului contine mai multe gene schimbate prin selectie naturala decat genomul uman, si anume 233 cimpanzeul, fata de 154 omul.&lt;br /&gt;Aceasta descoperire dovedeste inca o data in plus ca, in evolutie, nu cantitatea face diferenta, ci calitatea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Recently, according to an &lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/channel/being-human/dn11611-chimps-more-evolved-than-humans.html"&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; published in "&lt;a href="http://www.newscientist.com/"&gt;New Scientist&lt;/a&gt;", researchers found that the chimps are more "evolved" than humans. It is well known that the common ancestor of the chimp and human lived approximately 6 million years ago, when the two lineages diverged. Comparing the genome of the two species, the scientist concluded that, since the two species diverged, 233 chimp genes have been changed by natural selection, compared with only 154 human genes.&lt;br /&gt;This proves once again that in evolution it is the quality that matters, not the quantity.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-5385897007067036831?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/5385897007067036831/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=5385897007067036831' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5385897007067036831'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/5385897007067036831'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/quality-not-quantity-calitate-nu.html' title='Quality, not quantity... / Calitate, nu cantitate...'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RiottkFhvxI/AAAAAAAAAAU/mCpNypaUHxY/s72-c/evolution_man_monkey.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-177024493399479083</id><published>2007-04-17T22:58:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-11-19T08:46:18.959+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Miscellaneous'/><title type='text'>Eli, Eli, lama sabactani...</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RiUqOQ9Xc2I/AAAAAAAAAAM/hIMJhVMBK14/s1600-h/Virginia_tech.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RiUqOQ9Xc2I/AAAAAAAAAAM/hIMJhVMBK14/s320/Virginia_tech.jpg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5054492581352141666" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In legatura cu masacrul care a avut loc pe 16 aprilie la Universitatea americana Virginia Tech din Backsburg, in care un tanar student si-a ucis cu focuri de arma peste 30 de colegi:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"Cel  care actioneaza social din inclinatie naturala face poate rareori apel la mecanismul compensator al responzabilitatii sale si dispune in vremuri grele de rezerve morale imense. Cel care este nevoit, chiar si in conditiile vietii cotidiene, sa-si arunce in foc intreaga forta de franare pe care i-o da responsabilitatea morala pentru a face fata cerintelor societatii culturale, bineinteles ca se va prabusi mai rapid la o solicitare mai mare. Aspectul energetic al comparatiei noastre cu defectul cardiac corespunde si aici foarte exact, fiindca suprasolicitarea care duce la “&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;decompensarea&lt;/span&gt;” comportamentului social al omului poate fi de natura foarte diferita atata timp cat nu face decat sa ne consume ”puteri”. Nu este nicidecum tentatia uriasa si unica in fata careia morala omului capituleaza cel mai rapid, ci efectul istovitor al unei suprasolicitari nervoase, de orice fel ar fi ea. Grijile, saracia, foamea, teama, munca pana la epuizare, lipsa de sperante etc. toate au aceleasi urmari. Cine a avut ocazia sa vada vreodata, pe timp de razboi sau in captivitate, oameni chinuiti de probleme de acest fel, stie cat de imprevizibil si brusc apare &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;decompensarea morala&lt;/span&gt;. Oameni ce pareau asemenea unor stanci se prabusesc dintr-o data, iar altii, de la care nu te-ai fi asteptat la nimic deosebit, se dovedesc a fi izvoare nesecate de forta, ajutandu-i si pe altii, prin simplul lor exemplu, sa nu-si piarda vointa morala. Cine a trecut prin asemenea momente stie insa la fel de bine ca forta vointei si rezistenta acesteia sunt doua variabile independente. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Odata ce am inteles acest lucru, am invatat de asemenea sa nu ne simtim superiori celor care se prabusesc mai repede decat noi. Chiar si cel mai bun si mai nobil dintre noi ajunge in cele din urma la punctul de unde pur si simplu nu mai poate: Eli, Eli, lama sabactani?"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;Konrad Lorenz&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"Asa-zisul rau-Despre istoria naturala a agresiunii"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-177024493399479083?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/177024493399479083/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=177024493399479083' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/177024493399479083'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/177024493399479083'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/eli-eli-lama-sabactani.html' title='Eli, Eli, lama sabactani...'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_uvHGW459AeQ/RiUqOQ9Xc2I/AAAAAAAAAAM/hIMJhVMBK14/s72-c/Virginia_tech.jpg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-2099478082660542938</id><published>2007-04-16T20:32:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-16T22:33:21.242+03:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sexual reproduction'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='variability'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sexual selection'/><title type='text'>Reproducere sexuata, selectie sexuala si variabilitate genetica / Sexual reproduction, sexual selection and diversity</title><content type='html'>In &lt;a href="http://www.jurnalul.ro/"&gt;Jurnalul National&lt;/a&gt; din 30 martie apare un articol al Deliei Zahareanu intitulat &lt;a href="http://www.jurnalul.ro/articol_75626/campionatul_genelor_bune.html"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;"Campionatul genelor bune&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;"&lt;/a&gt;. Autoare isi pune intrebarea care este corelatia dintre sexualitate si diversitatea genetica. Insa autoarea face confuzie intre sex, adica &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;reproducerea sexuata&lt;/span&gt;, si &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;selectia sexuala, &lt;/span&gt;care&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;este cu totul altceva.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Citita in cheia teoriei evolutiei, asa cum a fost elaborata de Darwin, reproducerea sexuala, vizand obtinerea celor mai bune gene de la mascul, duce la o fixare a unui bagaj genetic superior si la micsorarea plajelor posibile in care apar mutatiile care produc diversitatea speciei umane. Cu alte cuvinte, sexul, in teorie, limiteaza diversitatea si conserva cele mai bune caracteristici ale ADN-ului parintilor transferat in cel al copiilor."&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In timp ce selectia sexuala are intr-adevar ca rezultat micsorarea diversitatii genetice, reproducerea sexuata are in schimb ca efect marirea diversitatii genetice, prin recombinare genetica. Cele doua sunt fenomene antagonice. Selectia sexuala actioneaza asupra sursei de variabilitate genetica reprezentata de reproducerea sexuata.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: left;"&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;In Jurnalul National from 30 March there is an article from Delia Zahareanu, called "The Championship of the good genes". The author writes about the correlation between sexual reproduction and genetic variability. But the author makes a confusion between sex (sexual reproduction) and sexual selection, which is a completely different thing.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p style="font-style: italic;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;"According to the Darwinian theory of evolution, sexual reproduction, aiming to obtain the best genes possible from the male, leads to the establishment of a superior gene stock and a smaller diversity for the human species. In other words, sex, in theory, limits the diversity and preserves the best characteristics of the parent DNA from parents to children."&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;Meanwhile sexual selection results in a smaller genetic diversity, sexual reproduction results in a bigger diversity, because of genetic recombination. The two phenomenon are antagonistic. Sexual selection acts upon the source of genetic variability, which is sexual reproduction.&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-2099478082660542938?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/2099478082660542938/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=2099478082660542938' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2099478082660542938'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/2099478082660542938'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/reproducere-sexuata-selectie-sexuala-si.html' title='Reproducere sexuata, selectie sexuala si variabilitate genetica / Sexual reproduction, sexual selection and diversity'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117662452828746392</id><published>2007-04-15T11:06:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-15T11:33:14.046+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Evolutia este ceva finit? / Is Evolution something finite?</title><content type='html'>&lt;table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" width="90%"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;span class="genmed"&gt;&lt;b&gt;Enrico a scris:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt; &lt;tr&gt;   &lt;td class="quote"&gt;Evolutia... mda&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ce nu pot eu sa inteleg: este procesul de evolutie ceva finit? Adica - daca a evoluat maimuta in om... asta inseamna ca omul este cea mai superioara forma de evolutie a maimutei? Sau inseamna ca in viitor vor aparea si supra-oameni?&lt;/td&gt; &lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;span class="postbody"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Enrico, evolutia nu se opreste niciodata, este un "perpetuum mobile", chiar daca uneori da impresia ca sta pe loc. In primul rand, permite-mi sa te corectez. Omul nu a evoluat din maimuta. Este o prejudecata foarte raspandita. Omul a evoluat dintr-un stramos comun cu maimuta. In momentul de fata evolutia culturala se desfasoara cu o rapiditate mult mai mare decat cea biologica. Din punctul de vedere al evolutiei culturale, evolutia biologica este statica, sau aproape statica. Dar asta nu inseamna ca evolutia biologica s-a oprit... din contra. In zilele noastre, in ceea ce priveste omul, motorul evolutiei biologice nu mai sunt mutatiile spontane care au loc in natura sau selectia naturala, ci omul, prin inginerie genetica si selectie artificiala mai mult sau mai putin constienta si mai mult sau mai putin empirica. Cu alte cuvinte, evolutia biologica s-a subordonat evolutiei culturale.&lt;br /&gt;_________________&lt;br /&gt;Nimic in viata nu are sens, decat in lumina evolutiei...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;Publicat pe forumul revistei "Stiinta si tehnica"&lt;br /&gt;www.stiintasitehnica.ro&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117662452828746392?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117662452828746392/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117662452828746392' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117662452828746392'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117662452828746392'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/evolutia-este-ceva-finit-is-evolution.html' title='Evolutia este ceva finit? / Is Evolution something finite?'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117658740008949645</id><published>2007-04-15T00:48:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-15T00:50:00.096+03:00</updated><title type='text'>CUMULATIVE SELECTION / SELECTIE CUMULATIVA</title><content type='html'>&lt;object width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/-C8xRvAyTmA"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/-C8xRvAyTmA" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117658740008949645?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117658740008949645/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117658740008949645' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117658740008949645'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117658740008949645'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/cumulative-selection-selectie.html' title='CUMULATIVE SELECTION / SELECTIE CUMULATIVA'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117649760950927100</id><published>2007-04-13T23:52:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-13T23:53:29.516+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Originile vietii celulare / Origins of cellular life</title><content type='html'>&lt;object width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/h2BVfPv2xNU"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/h2BVfPv2xNU" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117649760950927100?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117649760950927100/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117649760950927100' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117649760950927100'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117649760950927100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/originile-vietii-celulare-origins-of.html' title='Originile vietii celulare / Origins of cellular life'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117649325382989636</id><published>2007-04-13T22:38:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-13T22:40:53.836+03:00</updated><title type='text'>The age of Earth, 6000 years? / Varsta Pamantului, 6000 de ani?</title><content type='html'>&lt;object width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/7XDn5SqE9jc"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/7XDn5SqE9jc" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117649325382989636?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117649325382989636/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117649325382989636' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117649325382989636'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117649325382989636'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/age-of-earth-6000-years-varsta.html' title='The age of Earth, 6000 years? / Varsta Pamantului, 6000 de ani?'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117649166451344231</id><published>2007-04-13T22:11:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-13T23:32:08.086+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Citatul zilei / Quote of the day</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/2809/1049/1600/341410/JeanGebser.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/2809/1049/200/822223/JeanGebser.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;“We are convinced that there are powers arising from within ourselves that are already at work overcoming the deficiency and dubious nature of our rational ego-consciousness via the new &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;aperspectival awareness&lt;/span&gt; whose manifestations are surging forth everywhere. The &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;aperspective consciousness&lt;/span&gt; structure is a consciousness of the whole, an integral consciousness encompassing all time and embracing both man's distant past and his approaching future as a living present. The new spiritual process can take root only through an insightful process of intensive awareness.... Our concern is to render transparent everything latent 'behind' and 'before' the world—to render transparent our own origin, our entire human past, as well as the present, which already contains the future. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;We are shaped and determined not only by today and yesterday, but by tomorrow as well.&lt;/span&gt;”  &lt;p style="text-align: right;"&gt;Jean Gebser&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;*&lt;/p&gt;Suntem convinsi ca exista forte izvorate din noi insine care incearca sa corecteze deficientele si natura dubioasa a constiintei noastre ego-centriste prin intermediul constiintei aperspective&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; ale carei manifestari se ivesc de pretutindeni. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Constiinta aperspectiva&lt;/span&gt; are structura intregului, o constiinta atotcuprinzatoare incluzand intreg cursul timpului si imbratisand atat trecutul indepartat al omului, cat si viitorul care traieste in prezent. Noul fenomen spiritual se poate produce doar printr-un intens proces de constientizare interioara. Preocuparea noastra este sa deslusim tot ce este latent "inainte" si "dupa" lume, sa deslusim propria noastra origine, intreg trecutul nostru uman, precum si prezentul, care contine in el viitorul. &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;Suntem modelati si determinati nu numai de azi si de ieri, dar si de maine.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117649166451344231?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117649166451344231/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117649166451344231' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117649166451344231'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117649166451344231'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/citatul-zilei-quote-of-day_13.html' title='Citatul zilei / Quote of the day'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117640545498683922</id><published>2007-04-12T22:14:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-14T00:03:26.096+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Citatul zilei / Quote of the day</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:arial;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Science can still be &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;too narrow to explain everything&lt;/span&gt;, but we are working quite successfully on it. The problem with the Pope and his god is that they are &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;too wide to explain anything at all&lt;/span&gt;."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;(anonymous/anonim)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:180%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117640545498683922?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117640545498683922/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117640545498683922' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117640545498683922'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117640545498683922'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/citatul-zilei-quote-of-day.html' title='Citatul zilei / Quote of the day'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117639779315922207</id><published>2007-04-12T20:05:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-12T21:18:12.530+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Pope about evolution / Papa despre evolutie</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/2809/1049/1600/773879/Pope_papa.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; float: right; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/2809/1049/320/772899/Pope_papa.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Pope says science too narrow to explain creation&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Wed Apr 11, 2007 2:17PM EDT&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;By Tom Heneghan, Religion Editor&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;PARIS (Reuters) - Pope Benedict, elaborating his views on evolution for the first time as Pontiff, says science has narrowed the way life's origins are understood and Christians should take a broader approach to the question.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;The Pope also says the &lt;a href="http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007_04_11_gygess_archive.html"&gt;Darwinist theory of evolution is not completely provable because mutations over hundreds of thousands of years cannot be reproduced in a laboratory&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;But Benedict, whose remarks were published on Wednesday in Germany in the book "Schoepfung und Evolution" (Creation and Evolution), praised scientific progress and did not endorse creationist or "intelligent design" views about life's origins.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Those arguments, proposed mostly by conservative Protestants and derided by scientists, have stoked recurring battles over the teaching of evolution in the United States. Some European Christians and Turkish Muslims have recently echoed these views.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"Science has opened up large dimensions of reason ... and thus brought us new insights," Benedict, a former theology professor, said at the closed-door seminar with his former doctoral students last September that the book documents.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"But in the joy at the extent of its discoveries, it tends to take away from us dimensions of reason that we still need. Its results lead to questions that go beyond its methodical canon and cannot be answered within it," he said.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"The issue is reclaiming a dimension of reason we have lost," he said, adding that the evolution debate was actually about "the great fundamental questions of philosophy - where man and the world came from and where they are going."&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;NOT BY FAITH ALONE&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Speculation about Benedict's views on evolution have been rife ever since a former student and close advisor, Vienna Cardinal Christoph Schoenborn, published an article in 2005 that seemed to align the Church with the "intelligent design" view.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"Intelligent design" (ID) argues that some forms of life are too complex to have evolved randomly, as Charles Darwin proposed in his 1859 book "The Origin of Species." It says a higher intelligence must have done this but does not name it as God.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Scientists denounce this as a disguised form of creationism, the view that God created the world just as the Bible says. U.S. courts have ruled both creationism and ID are religious views that cannot be taught in public school science classes there.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;In the book, Benedict defended what is known as "theistic evolution," the view held by Roman Catholic, Orthodox and mainline Protestant churches that God created life through evolution and religion and science need not clash over this.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"I would not depend on faith alone to explain the whole picture," he remarked during the discussion held at the papal summer palace in Castel Gandolfo outside Rome.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;He also denied using a "God-of-the-gaps" argument that sees divine intervention whenever science cannot explain something.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"It's not as if I wanted to stuff the dear God into these gaps - he is too great to fit into such gaps," he said in the book that publisher Sankt Ulrich Verlag in Augsburg said would later be translated into other languages.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;AGAINST ATHEISM&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Schoenborn, who published his own book on evolution last month, has said he and the German-born Pontiff addressed these issues now because many scientists use Darwin's theory to argue the random nature of evolution negated any role for God.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;That is a philosophical or ideological conclusion not supported by facts, they say, because science cannot prove who or what originally created the universe and life in it.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"Both popular and scientific texts about evolution often say that 'nature' or 'evolution' has done this or that," Benedict said in the book which included lectures from theologian Schoenborn, two philosophers and a chemistry professor.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"Just who is this 'nature' or 'evolution' as (an active) subject? It doesn't exist at all!" the Pope said.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;Benedict argued that evolution had a rationality that the theory of purely random selection could not explain.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"The process itself is rational despite the mistakes and confusion as it goes through a narrow corridor choosing a few positive mutations and using low probability," he said.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;"This ... inevitably leads to a question that goes beyond science ... where did this rationality come from?" he asked. Answering his own question, he said it came from the "creative reason" of God.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span class="timestamp"&gt;Reuters 2006. All rights reserved.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117639779315922207?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117639779315922207/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117639779315922207' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117639779315922207'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117639779315922207'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/pope-about-evolution-papa-despre.html' title='Pope about evolution / Papa despre evolutie'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117631543686787595</id><published>2007-04-11T21:08:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-12T20:50:51.713+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Simulation of evolution / Simularea evolutiei</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Despite the plethora of modern genetic tools, something that is little changed since Darwin's time is our reliance on evolutionary outcomes to unravel the process of evolution. The lack of evolutionary intermediates leaves the door ajar for the proponents of intelligent design. But a new technique could help fill the gaps. It involves the construction of evolutionary intermediates in the lab, and the search for viable paths between them. The resulting 'fitness landscapes' map viable routes between accessible evolutionary paths.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There are some bacteria that have a version of a particular enzyme that makes them 100,000 times more resistant to certain antibiotics (like penicillin). We know that there are five differences that separate this version of the enzyme from the basic version, and we know what those mutations are. In theory, if the mutations happened one at a time, there are 120 possible ways that the enzyme could go from the original form to the resistant form. (For example, mutation 1 could have happened first, mutation 2 second, mutation 3 third, mutation 4 fourth, and mutation 5 fifth, &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt; mutation 2 could have happened first, mutation 1 second, mutation 3 third . . . &lt;strong&gt;or&lt;/strong&gt; mutation three could have happened first . . .  and so on until all the possibilities are exhausted. ) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Scientists then were able to construct possible intermediate forms of the enzyme - varieties that contained some, but not all 5, of the mutations, and test their resistance to the antibiotic. What they found was that 12 of the 120 possible paths from the original form to the new form increased resistance with every additional mutation. That's pretty cool - it shows that not only could natural selection drive the changes in this enzyme, but also that there are 12 different ways it could have happened.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The current studies show mutation-by-mutation paths, with selective values for each step, in the development of some new traits. (Like it or not, a 100,000-fold improvement in antibiotic resistance is a new trait.) Some of the other studies cited in the paper look at even more things, like the possible effects of taking paths that are longer than the shortest possible paths investigated in the bacterial resisitance study, by looking at things like the effect of a muation that is gained then lost along the way.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;*&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;In ciuda multitudinii de instrumente genetice avute la indemana, exista ceva ce nu s-a schimbat de pe vremea lui Darwin, si anume dependenta totala de rezultatele evolutiei, in demersul de a elucida mecanismele evolutiei. Lipsa stadiilor intermediare lasa usa deschisa adeptilor Intelligent Design. Insa o noua tehnica ar putea suplini lipsa. Aceasta implica construirea de stadii intermediare in laborator, precum si cautarea de legaturi viabile intre aceastea, permitand trasarea de traiectorii evolutive viabile.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Exista anumite bacterii care poseda o versiune a unei enzime care le confera o rezistanta de 100.000 de ori mai mare fata de anumite antibiotice (ca penicilina). Se stie ca exista 5 diferente care separa aceste varietati ale enzimei de enzima clasica, si se stie care sunt cele 5 mutatii care produc aceste modificari. Teoretic, daca mutatiile nu s-au produs simultan, atunci exista 120 de cai posibile prin care enzima originala se poate transforma in varianta rezistenta. (De exemplu, mutatia I s-a produs prima, apoi mutatia II a 2-a, apoi a III-a, apoi a IV-a si apoi a V-a; sau mutatia II putea fi prima, mutatia I a 2-a, apoi a III-a, si asa mai departe pana cand toate posibilitatile se vor fi epuizat.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Astfel, oamenii de stiinta au reusit sa construiasca forme intermediare ale enzimei, forme care contineau numai cateva din cele 5 mutatii, iar apoi sa le verifice rezistenta fata de antibiotic. Au descoperit ca 12 din cele 120 de traiectorii evolutive posibile, de la varianta originala la cea rezistenta a enzimei, confereau rezistenta din ce in ce mai crescuta fata de antibiotic, odata cu fiecare mutatie succesiva. Acest lucru nu numai ca demonstreaza implicarea selectiei naturale in transformarea enzimei, ci si faptul ca sunt 12 traiectorii diferite prin care acest lucru se putea produce.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Studiile arata pas cu pas, mutatie cu mutatie traiectoriile urmate, mentionand valoarea selectiva a fiecarui pas. Alte studii privesc posibilele efecte ale luarii in calcul a unor traiectorii evolutive mai lungi decat cele mai scurte cai posibile, asa cum au fost ele cercetate in studiul initial. Acest lucru s-a facut luaind in considerare, printre altele, efectul datorat dobandirii unei mutatii, si pierderii ei ulterioare.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117631543686787595?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117631543686787595/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117631543686787595' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117631543686787595'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117631543686787595'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/simulation-of-evolution-simularea.html' title='Simulation of evolution / Simularea evolutiei'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117628340528624057</id><published>2007-04-11T12:22:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-11T12:23:25.296+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Evolutia telescopica / Telescopic evolution</title><content type='html'>&lt;object width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/saxX-Z6w3p4"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/saxX-Z6w3p4" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117628340528624057?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117628340528624057/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117628340528624057' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117628340528624057'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117628340528624057'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/evolutia-telescopica-telescopic.html' title='Evolutia telescopica / Telescopic evolution'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117627968129325684</id><published>2007-04-11T11:18:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-11T22:12:20.096+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Umwelt</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/2809/1049/1600/395388/bee_UV.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/2809/1049/400/274550/bee_UV.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Umwelt is a century-old concept introduced to ethology, the study of animal behavior, by Jakob von Uexküll. It's the recognition that every animal exists in a unique perceptual universe that's closed to human beings other than through inference: Much of a bee's world is ultraviolet; a dog's nose does a lot of what we use our eyes to accomplish. Then there are the electric fish which perceive their world through a sense we lack entirely. If every entity has it's own umwelt, I ask myself what is the umwelt of an atom, let's say? It might be possible that the atom does not perceive the world we call physical at all. What about the umwelt of the Internet... What is it? Maybe us... our mind???...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div style="text-align: center;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Umwelt este un concept introdus in etologie acum un secol de catre Jakob von Uexcull. Este recunoasterea faptului ca fiecare animal exista intr-un univers perceptual specific care este inaccesibil omului: cea mai mare parte a lumii unei albine este ultravioleta; pentru un caine nasul indeplineste un rol la fel de important ca pentru noi ochii. Pestele electric percepe lumea printr-un simt care noua ne lipseste cu desavarsire. Daca orice entitate are umwelt-ul sau propriu, nu pot sa nu ma intreb oare care este Umwelt-ul unui atom, sa zicem? S-ar putea ca un atom sa nu perceapa deloc lumea pe care noi o numim fizica. Dar umwelt-ul Internetului (considerat ca o entitate) oare care este? Poate noi... mintea noastra???...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="file:///C:/DOCUME%7E1/gyges/LOCALS%7E1/Temp/moz-screenshot.jpg" alt="" /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117627968129325684?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117627968129325684/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117627968129325684' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117627968129325684'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117627968129325684'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/umwelt.html' title='Umwelt'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117620710027050977</id><published>2007-04-10T15:02:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-11T22:12:58.976+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Domnului Alexandru Mironov</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/2809/1049/1600/180444/patapievici_Mironov.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/2809/1049/400/257739/patapievici_Mironov.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Nu vreau sa imputez cu orice pret nimanui nimic, insa am citit in ultimul numar al revistei “&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" &gt;Stiinta si Tehnica&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;” un lucru care m-a uimit: “…reala societate civila (caci nu alde Liiceanu sau Patapievici o reprezinta, ei nefiind decat o coloana a V-a politica, a cine stie carei miscari fundamentaliste occidentale!)”. Articolul cu pricina ii apartine d-lui Alexandru Mironov. Stau si ma intreb oare ce l-a determinat pe d-ul Mironov sa catalogheze astfel niste personalitati emblematice ale vietii noastre culturale si literare? Chiar daca d-ul Patapievici (pe care personal il apreciez foarte mult si care mentionez ca este de formatie si fizician) a fost numit de catre Traian Basescu in fruntea ICR, ma indoiesc ca ar fi afiliat la cine stie ce “miscare fundamentalista straina”, ca sa nu folosesc cuvantul de proasta notorietate “agenturi”. Trag nadejdea ca in paginile revistei&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight: bold;font-size:100%;" &gt; &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;"Stiinta si tehnica"&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt; nu-si au loc dispute politice.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117620710027050977?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117620710027050977/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117620710027050977' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117620710027050977'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117620710027050977'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/domnului-alexandru-mironov.html' title='Domnului Alexandru Mironov'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117614401529659392</id><published>2007-04-09T21:13:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-11T22:21:56.526+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Deforestation / Despaduririle</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/2809/1049/1600/752918/ISS002-E-5654jkh.jpg"&gt;&lt;img style="cursor: pointer;" src="http://photos1.blogger.com/x/blogger/2809/1049/400/330935/ISS002-E-5654jkh.jpg" alt="" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;60% din totalul defrisarilor care au loc la nivel mondial se datoreaza &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" &gt;agriculturii de subzistenta&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;. Sunt ca niste cicatrici care se vad chiar si din spatiu. Daca vrem sa ne pastram padurile, va trebui sa rezolvam problema saraciei care determina populatia din tarile sarace sa defriseze suprafete intinse de padure tropicala pentru a practica agricultura si a-si asigura subzistenta... sau pur si simplu pentru profit. Padurile tropicale constituie cea mai importanta sursa de biodiversitate. Distrugerea lor atrage dupa sine pierderi incomensurabile care pericliteaza evolutia vietii pe Terra si insasi supravietuirea speciei umane si expansiunea acesteia in spatiu. Cucerirea spatiului va constitui, in ultima instanta, nu numai meritul inteligentei umane, ci al intregii biosfere.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;*&lt;br /&gt;60% of the world deforestation is due to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;font-size:100%;" &gt;subsistence agriculture&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;. They are like scars which can be seen even from space. If we want to keep out forests, we would have to fix the problem of poverty first, which makes the population from poor countries to cut large areas of tropical forest for agriculture... or maybe only for profit. The tropical forests are the most important source of biodiversity. Their destruction will cause incommensurable losses which endangers the evolution of life on Earth, the survival of human specie itself and its expansion beyond Earth, in space. The conquest of space will be the merit  not only of the human intelligence alone, but of the intelligence of the entire biosphere and Earth.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117614401529659392?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117614401529659392/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117614401529659392' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117614401529659392'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117614401529659392'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/deforestation-despaduririle.html' title='Deforestation / Despaduririle'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117605124305504032</id><published>2007-04-08T19:53:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-11T22:19:17.400+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Schimbarile climatice. Cat costa adaptarea?</title><content type='html'>Numarul din martie al revistei &lt;span style="font-weight: bold;"&gt;STIINTA SI TEHNICA&lt;/span&gt; rezerva un spatiu larg problemelor legate de &lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;schimbarile climatice&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;In opinia mea, singurul lucru care va salva umanitatea de la dezastrul ecologic este fuziunea la rece (vezi mai jos). Insa pana va fi pusa la punct, va mai dura inca cateva zeci de ani. S-ar putea sa fie prea tarziu. Pana atunci singurul lucru care ar putea limita impactul gazelor cu efect de sera ar fi introducerea in pretul fiecarui produs a "cotei de carbon" aferenta procesului de fabricatie, adica cantitatea de carbon emisa in fabricarea produsului respectiv, transformata in bani. Aceasta cota ar trebui raportata la suma de 18 catralioane de dolari necesari tranzitiei la o economie care sa nu genereze gaze cu efect de sera. Paleontologia ne arata ca in momentele de cotitura, cand au loc schimbari profunde, si evolutia isi grabeste pasul. Oare sub ce forma se va adapta umanitatea la schimbarile care in mod sigur vor avea loc?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table xmlns="http://purl.org/atom/ns#" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan="2"&gt;&lt;embed flashvars="" id="VideoPlayback" src="http://video.google.com/googleplayer.swf?docId=2229511748333360205&amp;hl=en" style="width: 400px; height: 326px;" type="application/x-shockwave-flash"&gt; &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;In 'Phenomenon Archives: Heavy Watergate, the War Against Cold Fusion,' viewers investigate the idea of cold fusion. If viable, cold fusion offers the possibility of limitless cheap energy. Some have suggested that the quashing of cold fusion projects in the late '80s was due to certain agencies not wishing to undermine the position of U.S. energy corporations. from http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&amp;amp;sql=1:243931&lt;br /&gt;               &lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117605124305504032?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117605124305504032/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117605124305504032' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117605124305504032'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117605124305504032'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/schimbarile-climatice-cat-costa_08.html' title='Schimbarile climatice. Cat costa adaptarea?'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117594012542835123</id><published>2007-04-07T12:59:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-07T13:02:05.443+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Originea si evolutia obiceiului de a incondeia oua de Paste</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;object width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/H2A-Slx88O0"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/H2A-Slx88O0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Izvoare istorice si arheologice sigure atesta, cu multe secole i.H., obiceiul de a se face cadou oua colorate la unele sarbatori sezoniere, in primul rand la Anul Nou: in China, cu ocazia sarbatorii Tsing-ming, care cadea in aprilie, se obisnuia sa se ofere in dar oua colorate; la vechii persi, era obiceiul ca, la sarbatoarea primaverii, oamenii sa-si daruiasca unul altuia oua de diferite culori; la romani, tinerii vopseau ouale in rosu si, pe langa alte cadouri, si le trimiteau reciproc la sarbatoarea lui Ianus; la vechii slavi exista datina ca la sarbatoarea primaverii sa se ofere in dar oua rosii etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Oul este, alaturi de lut si aluat, arhetipuri ale genezei. Astfel, chinezii credeau ca cerul impreuna cu pamantul sunt ca un ou de pasare: cerul este invelisul pamantului, precum coaja oului este invelisul galbenusului. La randul lor, vechii persi credeau ca cerul, pamantul, apa si tot ce se gaseste sub cer sunt inchise ca intr-un ou: cerul este deasupra si dedesubtul pamantului, iar pamantul este inauntrul cerului, ca si galbenusul in ou. Ei credeau ca la inceputul lumii se afla numai Dumnezeu, iar peste intregul spatiu al haosului domnea intunericul. La un moment dat a aparut un ou care a fost acoperit cu aripile intunericului si fecundat de catre noapte. Din Oul fecundat au iesit Soarele si Luna care s-au inaltat pe cer. Pamantul fiind mai greu, s-a lasat in jos. Credinte cosmogonice asemanatoare intalnim si la alte popoare ale antichitatii: la fenicieni, din haosul primitiv apare un duh care se divide in cer si pamant, de unde rasar Soarele si Luna; la egipteni creatia lumii incepe cu formarea unui ou pe intinsul apelor. Taranul roman in prima jumatate a secolului XX credea ca "pamantul e in chipul unui ou; fundul oului este pamantul, iar varful e cerul; el sta pe ape".&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Imaginea arhetipala care a stat la baza compararii universului cu oul isi are originea in faptul ca acest termen de comparatie este generator de viata. Din el au inmugurit Pamantul, Soarele, Luna, viata. Soarele insusi a fost comparat cu un pui. Lumina zilei si unii zei care simbolizeaza Soarele (la egipteni Ra, Amon-Ra) isi au originea, de asemenea, in ou. Astfel, oul ca simbol al creatiei, al fertilitatii si al Soarelui, astru de care depinde viata pe pamant, a ramas pana spre vremurile noastre simbolul reinvierii naturii, substitut al divinitatii sacrificate violent, prin spargere. Oul este un substitut al divinitatii primordiale, infrumusetat (gatit) prin vopsire si incondeiere in Saptamana Patimilor, jertfit si mancat sacramental in ziua de Paste.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Izvoare istorice si arheologice certe atesta, cu multe secole inainte de Hristos, obiceiul de a se face cadou oua colorate la marile sarbatori sezoniere, in special la Anul Nou: la sarbatorile de primavara, vechii persi isi daruiau oua de diferite culori; tinerii romani isi trimiteau oua vopsite in rosu, impreuna cu alte cadouri, la sarbatoarea zeului Ianus etc. Aparitia frecventa a oului, in special a oului colorat, in ceremoniile antice de innoire a timpului se bazeaza pe conceptiile lor cosmogonice care comparau universul cu oul generator de viata. De pilda, chinezii credeau ca Cerul si Pamantul formeaza un urias ou de pasare: Cerul ar fi invelisul Pamantului, asemanator cojii de ou care inveleste galbenusul.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Treptat, obiceiurile preistorice legate de acest arhetip al genezei, oul, au fost preluate si de crestinism: oul, colorat si impodobit, este simbolul Mantuitorului, care paraseste mormantul si se intoarce la viata, precum puiul de gaina iesit din gaoace. La inceput ouale se vopseau cu plante in galben - culoarea Soarelui pe bolta Cerului, si in rosu - culoarea discului solar la rasarit si apus. Ulterior, ouale au fost decorate cu chipul lui Hristos, cu figuri de ingeri, cu un miel, cu motive astrale, fitomorfe, zoomorfe, antropomorfe. Dupa milenii de evolutie a credintelor si ideilor religioase, romanii inrosesc si incondeiaza ouale primavara, la sarbatoarea centrala a calendarului festiv crestin, Pastele. Inrositul si incondeiatul oualor, mestesuguri populare de un rar rafinament artistic, se imbina cu numeroase credinte si obiceiuri precrestine. Pentru a juca rolul de substitut ritual al personajului sacru, oul este ales la Miezul Paresimilor, ziua de miercuri din mijlocul Postului Mare, este gatit (colorat si incondeiat) in Saptamana Patimilor, pentru a fi ucis, prin lovire violenta in cap (Ciocnitul oualor) si mancat sacramental in ziua de Paste. Prin acest scenariu ritual, cei vechi credeau ca timpul si spatiul inconjurator moare si renaste anual, impreuna cu divinitatea adorata. Bogata terminologie zonala a oualor incondeiate reflecta tehnica incondeiatului (oua inchistate, impistrite, picurate, pictate, impuiate) si instrumentele folosite (oua incondeiate). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Alte denumiri, precum oua necajite si oua muncite, se refera la chinul oualor in timpul complicatului proces de incondeiere: desenarea cu ceara incinsa, si introducerea lor de mai multe ori in apa fiarta. Obiceiurile si credintele legate de cojile acestora pot aduce frumusete si sanatate, belsug si rod bogat, pot sa lege sau sa indeparteze oamenii, sa grabeasca casatoria fetelor, sa inmulteasca vitele etc.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: &amp;quot;Tahoma&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;sans-serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;Obiceiurile calendaristice legate de colorarea si incondeierea oualor, folosirea lor in practicile magice menite sa aduca prosperitate turmelor si ogoarelor, fertilitate animalelor, vegetalelor si oamenilor, aruncarea cojilor de oua pe apa pentru a anunta Blajinii de sosirea Pastelui etc, etc. sunt practici precrestine implicate in renovarea timpului si transmise pana spre zilele noastre.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Ion Ghinoiu&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;serif&amp;quot;;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117594012542835123?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117594012542835123/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117594012542835123' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117594012542835123'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117594012542835123'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/originea-si-evolutia-obiceiului-de.html' title='Originea si evolutia obiceiului de a incondeia oua de Paste'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117589983331642343</id><published>2007-04-07T01:49:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-07T01:50:33.323+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Si ei sunt oameni...</title><content type='html'>&lt;object width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/zqbAzoZFAC0"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/zqbAzoZFAC0" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117589983331642343?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117589983331642343/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117589983331642343' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117589983331642343'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117589983331642343'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/si-ei-sunt-oameni.html' title='Si ei sunt oameni...'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-117580880358696108</id><published>2007-04-06T00:27:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2007-04-06T00:33:23.596+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Cimpanzei si unelte</title><content type='html'>&lt;object width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/ZUEkciaZiNQ"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;param name="wmode" value="transparent"&gt;&lt;/param&gt;&lt;embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/ZUEkciaZiNQ" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" wmode="transparent" width="425" height="350"&gt;&lt;/embed&gt;&lt;/object&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-117580880358696108?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/117580880358696108/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=117580880358696108' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117580880358696108'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/117580880358696108'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2007/04/cimpanzei-si-unelte.html' title='Cimpanzei si unelte'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-116258707007408705</id><published>2006-11-03T22:47:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2006-11-03T22:51:10.083+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Molarul de minte</title><content type='html'>De cateva zile ma confruntam cu dureri de dinti foarte puternice. M-am dus la stomatolog, care s-a uitat in gura mea si mi-a spus ca trebuie sa-mi scot "maseaua de minte", ulitmul molar adica, cel care apare dupa ce dintii definitivi cresc in locul celor de lapte. Dupa un scurt examen a inceput sa-mi explice: maseaua asta de minte trebuie scoasa chiar daca este perfect sanatoasa, asta pentru ca impinge intr-o lucrare dentara, ce duce apoi la compromiterea acestei lucrari plus alte complicatii. A continuat: oricum nu ai nevoie de maseaua de minte, nu-ti foloseste la nimic in procesul de masticatie. Pe scara de evolutie a omului, atunci cand traia mai ales din vanat, omul avea nevoie de aceasta "masea de minte", pentru ca-l ajuta mai mult la masticarea carnii, pe care la inceput o manca de multe ori cruda.&lt;br/&gt;Apoi, odata cu aparitia agriculturii, sedentarizandu-se, omul a inceput sa-si schimbe regimul de hrana, combinandu-l mult cu cerealele, astfel ca "maseaua de minte" a inceput cu timpul sa nu-si mai aiba rostul.&lt;br/&gt;Mi-a mai spus ca in zilele noastre, populatia globului in proportie de 30 % nici macar nu mai are "maseaua de minte" asta ca un efect direct al alimentatiei. Cred ca este un exemplu al evolutiei omului sub actiunea unor factori externi, si in acest caz alimentatia lui.&lt;br/&gt;Oare cum va arata omul peste 10.000 de ani? Dar peste 100.000 de ani?&lt;br/&gt;Va arata el identic cu omul zilelor noastre?&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-116258707007408705?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/116258707007408705/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=116258707007408705' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/116258707007408705'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/116258707007408705'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2006/11/molarul-de-minte.html' title='Molarul de minte'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-116179884597021117</id><published>2006-10-25T20:25:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2006-10-25T21:38:38.076+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Dawkins fish / Pestele Dawkins</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2809/1049/1600/Darwin_Dawkins_fish.0.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2809/1049/400/Darwin_Dawkins_fish.jpg" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;The &lt;i&gt;Dawkins fish&lt;/i&gt; is a present made by Mark Robinson (the name might be a pseudonym) to Richard Dawkins at the Montreal book tour event, on Oct 21th 2006. It was meant to be an analogy to the &lt;i&gt;Darwin fish,&lt;/i&gt; an ichthys symbol with "evolved" legs and feet attached and often with the word DARWIN inside.&lt;br/&gt;-----------------&lt;br/&gt;&lt;i&gt;Pestele Dawkins&lt;/i&gt; este un cadou facut de catre Mark Robinson (numele ar putea fi un pseudonim) lui Richard Dawkins, cu ocazia evenimentului de promovare a cartii&lt;i&gt; &lt;strong&gt;The God Delusion&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;i&gt; &lt;/i&gt;din Montreal, din 21 Oct 2006. Autorul a dorit sa faca o analogie cu &lt;i&gt;Pestele Darwin&lt;/i&gt;, un simbol ichtys care prezinta atasate membre si  avand cuvantul DARWIN scrise in interior. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-116179884597021117?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/116179884597021117/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=116179884597021117' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/116179884597021117'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/116179884597021117'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2006/10/dawkins-fish-pestele-dawkins.html' title='Dawkins fish / Pestele Dawkins'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-116171131466604132</id><published>2006-10-24T20:25:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2006-10-24T20:35:16.230+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Dr. Richard Dawkins</title><content type='html'>&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2809/1049/1600/Richard_Dawkins.jpg"&gt;&lt;img src="http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/2809/1049/320/Richard_Dawkins.jpg" border="0" alt="" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Clinton Richard Dawkins&lt;/strong&gt; (born March 26, 1941) is an eminent British ethologist, evolutionary theorist, and popular science writer who holds the Charles Simonyi Chair in the Public Understanding of Science at Oxford University. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Dawkins first came to prominence with his 1976 book The Selfish Gene which popularised the gene-centric view of evolution and introduced the term meme into the lexicon, thereby helping to found the field of memetics. In 1982, he made a major contribution to the science of evolution with the theory, presented in his book The Extended Phenotype, that phenotypic effects are not limited to an organism's body but can stretch far into the environment, including into the bodies of other organisms. He has since written several best-selling popular books on evolution and appeared in a number of television and radio programmes on evolutionary biology, creationism, and religion.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Dawkins is an outspoken atheist, humanist, sceptic, an enthusiastic bright, and – as a commentator on science, religion and politics – is among the English-speaking world's best known public intellectuals. In a play on Thomas Huxley's epithet "Darwin's bulldog", Dawkins' impassioned defence of Darwinian evolution has earned him the appellation "Darwin's rottweiler".&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Books&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;The Selfish Gene (1976, 1989, 2006) ISBN 0-19-286092-5&lt;br/&gt;The Extended Phenotype (1982, 1999) ISBN 0-19-288051-9&lt;br/&gt;The Blind Watchmaker (1986, 1991, 2006) ISBN 0-393-31570-3&lt;br/&gt;River Out of Eden (1995) ISBN 0-465-06990-8; Audio (2000) ISBN 0-7528-3985-3&lt;br/&gt;Climbing Mount Improbable (1996) ISBN 0-393-31682-3&lt;br/&gt;Unweaving the Rainbow (1998) ISBN 0-618-05673-4&lt;br/&gt;A Devil's Chaplain (2003) ISBN 0-618-33540-4&lt;br/&gt;The Ancestor's Tale (2004) ISBN 0-618-00583-8; Audio (2005) ISBN 0-7528-7321-0&lt;br/&gt;The God Delusion (2006) ISBN 0-618-68000-4&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-116171131466604132?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/116171131466604132/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=116171131466604132' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/116171131466604132'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/116171131466604132'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2006/10/dr-richard-dawkins.html' title='Dr. Richard Dawkins'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-112176531954704970</id><published>2005-07-19T22:32:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2005-07-19T12:37:38.796+03:00</updated><title type='text'>TEORIE, SISTEM, IPOTEZA?</title><content type='html'>...cate inteligente chiar nemediocre raman astazi inchise ideii de evolutie. Evolutia, pentru multi oameni, nu este decat Transformismul, iar Transformismul insusi nu este decat o veche ipoteza darwinista, la fel de locala si caduca precum conceptia laplaciana a sistemului solar sau deriva wegeneriana a continentelor. - Orbi, cu adevarat, nesesizand amploarea unei miscari pe orbita, depasind infinit Stiintele Naturale, castigand si invadand in jurul lor, Chimia, Fizica, Sociologia si chiar Matematica si Istoria Religiilor. Una dupa alta, toate domeniile cunoasterii umane se zguduie, antrenate laolalta de acelasi curent de fond spre studiul unei anumite dezvoltari. Evolutia, o teorie, un sistem, o ipoteza?... Nu numai atat, ci mult mai mult, o conditie generala careie trebuie sa i se plece si s-o slujeasca de acum incolo, pentru a fi adevarate si pentru a putea fi gandite pana la capat, toate teoriile, toate ipotezele, toate sistemele. O lumina invaluind toate faptele, o curbura care trebuie sa insoteasca toate trasaturile: iata ce este Evolutia.Pierre Teilhard de Chardin - Fenomenul uman&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-112176531954704970?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/112176531954704970/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=112176531954704970' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/112176531954704970'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/112176531954704970'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/2005/07/teorie-sistem-ipoteza.html' title='TEORIE, SISTEM, IPOTEZA?'/><author><name>gyges77</name><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-12398198.post-111787120561058558</id><published>2005-06-04T20:50:00.000+03:00</published><updated>2008-01-22T20:53:52.520+02:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='memetic evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='human evolution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='transhumanism'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sociocultural evolution'/><title type='text'>THE NEW ENLIGHTENMENT OR THE PANCAKE PEOPLE/ NOUL ILUMINISM SAU OAMENII PLACINTA</title><content type='html'>But today, I see within us all (myself included) the replacement of &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;complex inner density&lt;/span&gt; with a new kind of self-evolving under the pressure of information overload and the technology of the "instantly available". A &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;new self&lt;/span&gt; that needs to contain less and less of an inner repertory of dense cultural inheritance—as we all become "&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;pancake people&lt;/span&gt;"—spread wide and thin as we connect with that vast network of information accessed by the mere touch of a button.&lt;br /&gt;Will this produce &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;a new kind of enlightenment&lt;/span&gt; or "super-consciousness"? Sometimes I am seduced by those proclaiming so—and sometimes I shrink back in horror at a world that seems to have lost &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;the thick and multi-textured density of deeply evolved personality&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Operating systems make it easier for human beings to operate computers. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;They also make it easier for computers to operate human beings&lt;/span&gt;. (Resulting in Richard Foreman's "pancake effect.") These views are complementary, just as the replication of genes helps reproduce organisms, while the reproduction of organisms helps replicate genes. Same with search engines. Google allows people with questions to find answers. More importantly, it allows answers to find questions. From the point of view of the network, that's what counts. For obvious reasons, Google avoids the word "operating system." But if you are ever wondering what an operating system for the global computer might look like (or a true AI) a primitive but fully metazoan system like Google is the place to start.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;The Gods evokes a world now inhabited by what Foreman calls "pancake people." These are "people who are 'thin,' because instead of &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;including all the history of Western knowledge inside our heads,&lt;/span&gt; and shaping a vertical castle out of that knowledge, we have it all at our fingertips with computers, and we don't have to keep it inside of ourselves. By following all these bits of information we become spread horizontally, like pancake people."&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;As Richard Foreman so beautifully describes it, we've been pounded into instantly-available pancakes, becoming the unpredictable but statistically critical synapses in the whole Gödel-to-Google net. &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;Does the resulting mind (as Richardson would have it) belong to us? Or does it belong to something else?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"&gt;-----------------&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dar azi, vad in fiecare dintre noi (in mine inclusiv) substituirea acelei &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;densitati interioare complexe&lt;/span&gt; cu o noua forma, sub presiunea bombardamentului informational si tehnologiei "informatiei la discretie". &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;O noua forma de personalitate&lt;/span&gt;, un &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;nou ego&lt;/span&gt; care necesita din ce in ce mai putin un repertoriu interior, mostenit cultural. In felul acesta devenim cu totii "&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;oameni-placinta&lt;/span&gt;", largi si subtiri pe masura ce ne conectam la aceasta retea vasta de informatie accesata printr-o simpla apasare de buton.Va conduce asta la aparitia unei &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;forme noi de iluminism&lt;/span&gt;, o &lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;superconstiinta&lt;/span&gt;? Cateodata ma simt sedus de cei care sustin aceasta idee, iar cateodata ma retrag in mine cu teama la ideea unei lumi care pare ca si-a pierdut cultul unei personatitati multi-fatetate si profunde.&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Sistemele de operare ii permit omului sa opereze cu o mai mare usurinta calculatorele. In acelasi timp sistemele de operare permit si computerelor sa opereze fiintele umane. Aceste puncte de vedere sunt complementare. In aceeasi maniera in care replicarea genelor ajuta la reproducerea organismelor, in timp ce reproducerea organismelor ajuta la replicarea genelor. Acelasi lucru se poate spune si despre motoarele de cautare. Google permite oamenilor care poseda intrebari sa gaseasca raspunsuri. Mai mult, acesta permite respunsurilor sa-si gaseasca intrebarile corespunzatoare. Din punctul de vedere al retelei, asta e tot ce conteaza. Din motive lesne de inteles, Google evita expresia "sistem de operare". Cu toate acestea, daca te-ai intrebat vreodata cum ar arata un sistem de operare pentru Computerul Global (sau cu alte cuvinte o veritabila Inteligenta Artificiala), atunci un sistem primitiv cum este Google ar putea constitui un punct de plecare.---&gt;"Tot ceea ce ii permite omului sa opereze retelele de calculatoare, in acelasi timp ii permite retelei sa controleze fiinta umana" (George B. Dyson - "Darwin printre masini").&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;"The Gods" evoca o lume de acum locuita de ceea ce Foreman numeste "oamenii-placinta". Acesti oameni sunt "subtiri" deoarece in loc sa-si imprime in creier intregul volum de cunostinte propriu Culturii occidentale, construind in felul acesta o structura verticala pe baza acestor cunostinte, ei au totul la dispozitie prin simpla atingere de buton a unui calculator. Ei nu sunt nevoiti sa memoreze toate aceste cunostinte. Prin setea de biti, acesti oameni se dezvolta pe orizontala, asemenea unei placinte, devenind astfel "oameni-placinta".&lt;br /&gt;***&lt;br /&gt;Dupa cum spune Richard Foreman, am fost inţărcaţi cu "placinte" aflate la  discretie, am devenit sinapsele imprevizibile dar indispensabile ale retelei Godel-Google. Oare Mintea rezultanta ne apartine noua sa nu? Sau poate apartine altcuiva?&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/12398198-111787120561058558?l=gygess.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://gygess.blogspot.com/feeds/111787120561058558/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=12398198&amp;postID=111787120561058558' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/111787120561058558'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/12398198/posts/default/111787120561058558'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://gygess.blogspot.c
